Marnes de Dives
The Marnes de Dives is a geological formation in Normandy, France. It dates back to the upper part of the Callovian stage of the Middle Jurassic.[1] And is partially equivalent to the Oxford Clay in England. It predominantly consists of ooidal marl, rich in pyrite and lignite, interbedded with thin limestone horizons.[2] It is best exposed at the base of the Falaises des Vaches Noires (Cliffs of Black Cows) as well as the foreshore at low tide. It is known for its fossils, notablity those of ammonites, marine crocodiles and fragmentary remains of dinosaurs, mostly theropods.
Panorama of the Falaises des Vaches Noires
| Marnes de Dives Stratigraphic range: Late Callovian | |
|---|---|
 Falaises des Vaches Noires | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Underlies | Marnes de Villers |
| Thickness | 8–10 metres (30–30 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Marl |
| Other | Limestone |
| Location | |
| Region | Normandy |
| Country |  France |
| Extent | Paris Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Dives-sur-Mer |
Vertebrate fauna
| Dinosaurs of the Marnes de Dives | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Description | Images | |
| Piveteausaurus[1] | P. divesensis | Vaches Noires |
Braincase.[3] |
 |
|
| Streptospondylus | S. altdorfensis | Vaches Noires[4] | Megalosaurid dinosaur. Originally a chimera of dinosaur and marine crocodile material. redefined to solely refer to the syntype dinosaur material consisting of "several vertebrae series, single vertebrae, a partial left pubis and limb elements". May be from the overlying Marnes de Villers, but the Marnes de Dives is much more productive and was better exposed when it was collected in the 18th century. |  | |
| Sauropoda | Indeterminate | Vaches Noires | Remains consist of a single vertebra, destroyed in 1944, may be from the overlying Marnes de Villers[5] | ||
| Stegosauria | Indeterminate | Vaches Noires | Remains consist of 2 associated vertebra in hard limestone[6] | ||
| Theropoda[1] | Indeterminate | Vaches Noires | Multiple taxa represented, including indeterminate megalosaurid material possibly referrable to the two named taxa alongside fragmentary remains of Allosauroids,[7] Including dentary and maxilla fragments. Other theropod remains include an associated braincase and frontal.[8][9] | ||
| Crocodyliformes of the Marnes de Dives | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Description | Images | |
| Tyrannoneustes[10] | T. lythrodectikos | Vaches Noires | A geosaurine metriorhynchid | ||
| Metriorhynchus | M. geoffroyii | Vaches Noires | A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid | ||
| Proexochokefalos | P. heberti | Villers-sur-Mer | A teleosaurid |  |
|
| Fish of the Marnes de Dives | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
| Leedsichthys | L. problematicus | Vaches Noires[11] | A giant Pachycormiform fish, may be from overlying Marnes de Villiers | |
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
References
- Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Middle Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 538–541. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- Lebrun, Patrice; Courville, Philippe (2013). "Le Jurassique des falaises des Vaches-Noires".
- "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 73.
- Brignon, Arnaud (April 2016). "L'abbé Bacheley et la découverte des premiers dinosaures et crocodiliens marins dans le Jurassique des Vaches Noires (Callovien/Oxfordien, Normandie)". Comptes Rendus Palevol (in French). 15 (5): 595–605. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.10.004.
- A. Bigot Vertèbre de Cetiosaurus de l’Oxfordien de Dives Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 9 (1895), p. XXXIII
- Buffetaut, Eric; Tabouelle, Jérôme (July 2019). "Thyreophoran vertebrae from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France), with remarks on the dinosaur assemblage from the Vaches Noires". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (7): 891–896. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.04.009.
- Un metatarsien de dinosaure theropode dans le Jurassique des Falaises des Vaches Noires (Calvados, Normandie, France). Bulletin Sciences et Geologie Normandes 1:49-53
- Evariste, Monvoisin (2019). "Diversité des dinosaures théropodes dans le Jurassique des Falaises des Vaches Noires (Calvados, Normandie) (Masters Thesis)" (PDF). Centre de Recherche Sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Science Université.
- E. Buffetaut, J. Enos Un nouveau fragment crânien de dinosaure théropode du Jurassique des Vaches Noires (Normandie, France) remarques sur la diversité des théropodes jurassiques européens C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. II, 314 (1992), pp. 217-222
- Mark T. Young; Marco Brandalise de Andrade; Stephen L. Brusatte; Manabu Sakamoto; Jeff Liston (2013). "The oldest known metriorhynchid super-predator: a new genus and species from the Middle Jurassic of England, with implications for serration and mandibular evolution in predacious clades". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 475–513. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.704948.
- J. J. Liston and D. Gendry. 2015. Le Python de Caen, les algues géantes d'Amblie, et austres spécimens perdus de Leedsichthys d'Alexandre Bourienne, Jules Morière, Eugène Eudes-Deslongchamps et Alexandre Bigot. L'Echo des falaises 19:17-34
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