Meghalaya subtropical forests

Fog and mist are persistent in these continuously moist forests

The elevated and damp forest ecoregion is a center of diversity for the tree genera Magnolia and Michelia, and the families Elaeocarpaceae and Elaeagnaceae. Over 320 species of orchids are native to Meghalaya. The endemic pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana) is now an endangered species. About 3,128 flowering plant species have been reported from the state, of which 1,236 are endemic.[4] In the later half of the 1800s, Joseph Dalton Hooker, a British botanist and explorer, made a huge taxonomic collection for the Kew Herbarium from Khasi and Jaintia Hills and remarked the place as one of the richest biodiversity spots in India, perhaps in all of Asia as well.[5] Meghalaya state is rich in medicinal plant species, but the natural occurrence of most medicinal plants has decreased due to habitat loss. A total of 131 RET (Rare, Endemic and Threatened) medicinal plant species, including 36 endemic and 113 species under different threat categories, are found within Meghalaya.[6]

As in other rural areas of India, Meghalaya villages have an ancient tradition of nurturing sacred groves. These are sacred spots within the forest where medicinal and other valued plants are grown and harvested sustainably, and they present a very high biodiversity. In Meghalaya these sacred groves are known as Law Kyntang or Law Lyngdoh.[7][8]

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  The Meghalaya forests near the border with Bangladesh
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  Streams and waterfalls are plentiful
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  In the seasonal streams, heavy rain flushes all soil away, leaving only rocks and boulders.
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  Spotted-Leaf Sonerila (Sonerila maculata), an undershrub species, is thriving in the wet conditions of the ecoregion.[9]
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  Orchids (unidentified) growing wild in the forests
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  A forest path near Cherrapunji.
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  Jhum cultivation, a slash-and-burn technique, is practised by the hill tribes as an ancient tradition.

There is a rich diversity of birds in these forests. Several types of Hornbills are here (Rufous-necked hornbill).

The Western hoolock gibbon is the only ape in India, and they are dependent on these forests.

The montane ecoregion is home to a diverse mix of birds, with a total of 659 species recorded as of 2017. Some of the birds living here are endemic to the Indo-Burma ecoregion, and quite a few species are threatened or near threatened on a global scale. Of these, two kinds of vultures, the Oriental White-backed Vulture and the Slender-billed Vulture, are both in need of extra protection as critically endangered species near extinction. The Meghalaya forests are not only important as a wildlife refuge for birds, it is also important to migratory birds on their long-distance flights.[10][11]

The subtropical forests presents a diverse range of reptiles, with as much as 56 species of known snakes, in addition to several lizards and turtles. The Tokay Gecko, among the largest geckos in the world, are here, as are three different kinds of monitor lizards, all of them to be protected since 1972, and a new species of skink (sphenomorphus apalpebratus) was discovered in the forests as late as 2013. Both Brahminy Blind snake and Copperhead Rat Head are among the more common snakes encountered in the forests, but there are several venomous and deadly serpents too, such as the Green Pit viper and the King Cobra, the longest venomous snake in the world. Many of the snake species here are elusive (and rare), such as the Cherrapunji keelback, Khasi keelback or Khasi earth snake.[10]

The damp and moist environment of the Meghalaya forests also supports what is the most diverse range of amphibians in North-east India, with a total of 33 recorded species living here. The two frog species Shillong bush frog and Khasi Hill toad are endemic, and both rare and threatened.[10]

Molluscs are thriving in the moist conditions and are abundant throughout, both on land and in the water, As much as 223 species has been recorded by science, and many of the land-dwelling molluscs are endemic to Meghalaya. Fresh water molluscs are generally considered a good indicator species of clean waters, and Meghalaya's waterways are home to 35 species, with a lot of paludomus-snails in the hill streams. Several types of fresh water snails are part of the hill tribes diet, including the large bellamya bengalensis snails.[10]

Situated between the mighty Brahmaputra in the north and the Barak River to the south, Meghalaya's many waterways are also home to a diverse range of fish species. 152 known species has been observed as of 2017. Two types of mahseer (neolissochilus and tor) are fished for sport.[10]

The subtropical forests are home to 110 species of mammals, none of which are endemic. By far, most of these species comprise smaller mammals, in particular bats and small carnivores, and the population of large mammals is comparatively sparse.[10] The Western hoolock gibbons in the forests of Meghalaya are globally endangered, and also threatened in this particular habitat, but they have a special place among the local tribes who cherish their song.[12] Other large mammals important to conservation here includes the tiger (Panthera tigris), clouded leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), sun bear (Ursus malayanus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), Indian civet (Viverra zibetha), Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis), bear macaque (Macaca arctoides), and capped leaf monkey (Semnopithecus pileatus).

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  Blue Peacock butterfly (papilio arcturus). Several species of butterflies and moths are living in the forests here.
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  Scarce vine hawkmoth (Ampelophaga khasiana, underside). This species can have a wingspan of more than 10 cm.
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  Marbled map (Cyrestis cocles)
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  The woodlands are home to several kinds of snakes, including some large poisonous types. (here Yellow-speckled pit viper)
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  Capped leaf monkies
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  Asiatic wild dogs (dholes)
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  Clouded leopards are the state animal of Meghalaya
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  Sloth bear. The forests are also home to several species of large (and dangerous) mammals.
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  Asian elephants has found a refuge in the Meghalaya subtropical forests

The ecoregion has several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, but they are all of relatively small size.[13] In addition, Meghalaya holds a total of 712.74 km2 reserved forest and 12.39 km2 protected forest.[14]

• Balphakram National Park, a large national park in south Garo Hills
• Nokrek National Park, in east Garo Hills
• Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary
• Siju Wildlife Sanctuary, a bird sanctuary
• Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary[15][16]
• Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary, a small sanctuary park of 2 hectares

Some of the reserved forest is used by locals for voluntary wildlife reserves, in particular to help save the threatened Hoolock Gibbons.[17][12][18] Other parts of the reserved forest are maintained as wildlife corridors, for elephants for example, and to safeguard against damaging habitat fragmentation.[19]

The Meghalaya subtropical forest ecoregion is part of the larger Indo-Burma biological hotspot with many endemic species not found anywhere else in the world. Together with the Western Ghats, Northeast India are the only two regions of India, endowed with rainforest. For these, and other, reasons, protection and conservation of the Meghalaya subtropical forests are important on a local, national, regional and even global level.[23][24]

As seen in other rainforests of the world, deforestation occurs on an alarming scale in Meghalaya too, with accelerated clearcutting for agriculture, industry, mining and infrastructure projects since the 1990s. Apart from the obvious loss of primary forest, this has also caused local problems with soil erosion and fragmentation of habitats. The clearcut areas in Meghalaya are sometimes allowed to regrow, but the second-growth forests are much less species-rich (both flora and fauna), than the original forest. In addition to these problematic issues, the dense forest habitats of Meghalaya are also dwindling because of tree thinning. This forestry practise puts extra pressure on species that can only thrive in dense forests. The root motivation for the increase in these environmentally changing practises are thought to be a high population growth and increased industrial activity in Meghalaya.[25]

• List of ecoregions in India
• Indomalayan realm

• Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment, Island Press; Washington, DC.
• Aabid Hussain Mir, Krishna Upadhaya and Hiranjit Choudhury (2014): Diversity of endemic and threatened ethnomedicinal plant species in Meghalaya, North-East India, Int. Res. J. Env. Sc. 3(12): 64-78.
• Hooker, J.D. 1872-1897. The Flora of British India, 7 vols. L. Reeva and Company, London.
• Khan, M.L., Menon, S. and Bawa, K.S. 1997. Effectiveness of the protected area network in biodiversity conservation: A case study of Meghalaya state, Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 853-868.
• Chettri N., Sharma E., Shakya B., Thapa (2010). Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayas: Status, Trends and Vulnerability to Climate Change (PDF). ICIMOD Books.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion.

• "Meghalaya subtropical forestss [IM0126] ecoregion". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
• "Ecoregions 2017". Resolve.
  Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.
• "Meghalaya Biodiversity Board". Government of Meghalaya.
• Flora of Meghalaya (Government of Meghalaya)