Metallization pressure

Metallization pressure is the pressure required for a non-metallic chemical element to become a metal. Every material is predicted to turn into a metal if the pressure is high enough, and temperature low enough.

Z Element p, Mbar ref.
1 hydrogen 3.9 [1]
2 helium 329 [2]
5 boron 1.6 [3]
6 carbon 11 [4]
7 nitrogen >> 5 [5]
8 oxygen 0.96 [6]
9 fluorine . .
10 neon 2084 [7]
14 silicon 0.12 [8]
15 phosphorus 0.048 [9]
16 sulfur 0.83 [10]
17 chlorine 2.0 [11]
18 argon 5.1 [12]
32 germanium 0.11 [13]
33 arsenic 0.022 [14]
34 selenium 0.23 [15]
35 bromine 0.25 [16]
36 krypton 3.1 [12][17]
52 tellurium 0.04 [18]
53 iodine 0.16 [19]
54 xenon 1.3 [20]
86 radon . .

See also

References
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  2. Monserrat, Bartomeu; Drummond, N. D.; Pickard, Chris J.; Needs, R. J. (2014). "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Metallization of Solid Helium at Terapascal Pressures". Physical Review Letters. 112 (5): 055504. arXiv:1311.1005. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112e5504M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.055504. PMID 24580611. S2CID 29848984.
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  4. Correa, Alfredo A.; Bonev, Stanimir A.; Galli, Giulia (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (5): 1204–1208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.
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  7. Tang, Jun; Ao, Bingyun; Huang, Li; Ye, Xiaoqiu; Gu, Yunjun; Chen, Qifeng (2019). "Metallization and positive pressure dependency of bandgap in solid neon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 150 (11): 111103. Bibcode:2019JChPh.150k1103T. doi:10.1063/1.5089489. PMID 30901987.
  8. Hu, Jing Zhu; Merkle, Larry D.; Menoni, Carmen S.; Spain, Ian L. (1986). "Crystal data for high-pressure phases of silicon". Physical Review B. 34 (7): 4679–4684. Bibcode:1986PhRvB..34.4679H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.34.4679. PMID 9940261.
  9. Okajima, Michio; Endo, Shoichi; Akahama, Yuichi; Narita, Shin-ichiro (1984). "Electrical Investigation of Phase Transition in Black Phosphorus under High Pressure". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 23 (1): 15–19. Bibcode:1984JaJAP..23...15O. doi:10.1143/JJAP.23.15.
  10. Akahama, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Kawamura, H. (1993). "Pressure-induced structural phase transition in sulfur at 83 GPa". Physical Review B. 48 (10): 6862–6864. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..48.6862A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.6862. PMID 10006849.
  11. Dalladay-Simpson, Philip; Binns, Jack; Peña-Alvarez, Miriam; Donnelly, Mary-Ellen; Greenberg, Eran; Prakapenka, Vitali; Chen, Xiao-Jia; Gregoryanz, Eugene; Howie, Ross T. (8 March 2019). "Band gap closure, incommensurability and molecular dissociation of dense chlorine". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1134. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1134D. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09108-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6408506. PMID 30850606.
  12. Kwon, I.; Collins, L.A.; Kress, J.D.; Troullier, N. (1995). "First-principles study of solid Ar and Kr under high compression". Physical Review B. 52 (21): 15165–15169. Bibcode:1995PhRvB..5215165K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.52.15165. PMID 9980870.
  13. Vohra, Yogesh K.; Brister, Keith E.; Desgreniers, Serge; Ruoff, Arthur L.; Chang, K. J.; Cohen, Marvin L. (1986). "Phase-Transition Studies of Germanium to 1.25 Mbar". Physical Review Letters. 56 (18): 1944–1947. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..56.1944V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1944. PMID 10032817.
  14. Li, Ruiping; Han, Nannan; Cheng, Yingchun; Huang, Wei (2019). "Pressure-induced metallization of black arsenic". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 31 (50): 505501. Bibcode:2019JPCM...31X5501L. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/ab3f76. PMID 31469104.
  15. Akahama, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Kawamura, H. (1993). "Structural studies of pressure-induced phase transitions in selenium up to 150 GPa". Physical Review B. 47 (1): 20–26. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..47...20A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.47.20. PMID 10004412.
  16. San Miguel, A.; Libotte, H.; Gaspard, J.P.; Gauthier, M.; Itié, J.P.; Polian, A. (2000). "Bromine metallization studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy". The European Physical Journal B. 17 (2): 227–233. Bibcode:2000EPJB...17..227S. doi:10.1007/s100510070136. S2CID 123571031.
  17. Hama, Juichiro; Suito, Kaichi (1989). "Equation of state and metallization in compressed solid krypton". Physics Letters A. 140 (3): 117–121. Bibcode:1989PhLA..140..117H. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(89)90503-3.
  18. Marini, C.; Chermisi, D.; Lavagnini, M.; Di Castro, D.; Petrillo, C.; Degiorgi, L.; Scandolo, S.; Postorino, P. (2012). "High-pressure phases of crystalline tellurium: A combined Raman and ab initio study". Physical Review B. 86 (6): 064103. Bibcode:2012PhRvB..86f4103M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.064103.
  19. Pasternak, M.; Farrell, J. N.; Taylor, R. D. (1987). "Metallization and structural transformation of iodine under pressure: A microscopic view". Physical Review Letters. 58 (6): 575–578. Bibcode:1987PhRvL..58..575P. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.58.575. PMID 10034976.
  20. Eremets, Mikhail; Gregoryanz, Eugene; Struzhkin, Victor; Mao, Ho-Kwang; Hemley, Russell; Mulders, Norbert; Zimmerman, Neil (2000). "Electrical Conductivity of Xenon at Megabar Pressures". Physical Review Letters. 85 (13): 2797–2800. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.2797E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2797. PMID 10991236.
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