Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis
The Metropolitan Police Department – City of St. Louis (also known as the SLMPD or Metro) is the primary law enforcement agency for the City of St. Louis, in the United States. With approximately 1,343 officers and 462 civilian staff, it is the 34th municipal police department in the United States. The department serves an area of 69 square miles (180 km2) and a population of over 308,174 people. Established on August 7, 1808, the SLMPD is one of the oldest police departments in the United States.
Metropolitan Police Department of the City of St. Louis | |
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![]() The current patch of the Metropolitan Police Department | |
![]() The current Seal of the Metropolitan Police Department | |
![]() Flag of City of St. Louis | |
Common name | St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department |
Abbreviation | SLMPD , MPDSL |
Motto | Officium moris principatum et aequi Omnibus (Latin) Service, Integrity, Leadership, and Fair Treatment to All |
Agency overview | |
Formed | 1808[1] |
Employees | ![]() |
Annual budget | US$$204,000,000 million [FY 2021][3] |
Jurisdictional structure | |
Operations jurisdiction | St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
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Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Department | |
Size | 65.99 square miles (170.9 km2) (total) (land) |
Population | 300,576 (2019)[4] |
Legal jurisdiction | City of St.Louis |
Governing body | Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis |
General nature | |
Operational structure | |
Headquarters | 1915 Olive Downtown West, St. Louis |
Police Officers | ![]() |
Corrections personnel and Civilian members | ![]() |
Mayor of St. Louis responsible | |
Agency executives | |
Parent agency | Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis |
Bureaus | 4
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Patrol Divisions | 4
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Facilities | |
Stations | 3 Patrol Stations, 6 sub-stations |
Justice Centers | City Justice Center 200 S.Tucker Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri |
Marked and Unmarked vehicles | 2000+ |
Helicopter/Airplanes | 6 Helicopter, 1 Fixed Wing |
Horses | 14 |
K-9's | 20 |
Notables | |
Anniversary |
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Website | |
Metropolitan Police Department official website | |
[5] |
The Metropolitan Police is a division in the Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis.
The Metropolitan Police is the second largest municipal police agency in Missouri, based on number of employees, city population, and geographic area served.
The department is led by the Commissioner of Police, currently Colonel John Hayden Jr. since January 17, 2018.[6]
The department is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA).
According to the Mapping Police Violence dataset, MPDSL has the highest police use of deadly force per capita.[7][8] The MPDSL union has strongly resisted attempts to establish independent oversight of police misconduct.[7] When Kimberly Gardner, the top prosecutor in St. Louis, sought to establish a unit within her office to independently investigate police misconduct, the leader of the MPDSL union said Gardner should be removed "by force or by choice."[7]
History
The Metropolitan Police Department was established in 1808, five years after St. Louis became part of the United States. The department was created with only four officers, who received no pay. Able-bodied men age 18 and older were required to patrol for four months of the year. This was the only police system for the next 10 years. Refusal to serve on patrol carried a fine of $1.[9]
In 2013, CALEA recognized the Metropolitan Police Department with it distinguished Tri-Arc Award. The Tri-Arc Award is reserved for those police agencies that have successfully accredited their law enforcement services, police academy and communications division.[10]
Demographics
The composition of the department's total personnel, according to the 2018 annual report, was:[11]
- Sex — Male: 84%, Female: 16%
- Race — White: 66%, African-American/Black: 30%, Other: 4%
Salary
Starting salary for a Metropolitan police officer is Minimum $47,815 to $70,387 Maximum[12]
Union representation
Officers are represented by the St. Louis Police Officers Association (SLPOA). SLPOA employs author and decommissioned Arnold police officer Jeff Roorda as business manager. In the 2017 city mayoral election, incumbent Lyda Krewson called for Roorda to be fired due to social media comments directed at candidate Tishaura Jones and declared that he would not be welcomed in her office if elected.[13]
The St. Louis Ethical Society of Police (ESOP), formerly known as St. Louis Black Police Officers Association until 1975, represents African American police officers by providing legal counsel and other benefits; however, the SLPOA is the only recognized bargaining unit for officers.[14]
Department structure
The Metropolitan Police Department is led by a commissioner of police. The current commissioner is John Hayden Jr. who replaced Sam Dotson in 2017.
The department comprises four bureaus:[15]
- Bureau of Community Policing
- Bureau of Professional Standards
- Bureau of Investigative Services
- Bureau of Specialized Enforcement
Office of the Commissioner of Police
The commissioner serves as the senior sworn member of the SLMPD. Prior to 1806, the position was known as the chief inspector and as the chief of police before that. The commissioner holds the rank of colonel.
John Hayden Jr. is the 35th individual to hold the post and was appointed on December 28, 2017.
The Office of the Commissioner is responsible for:
- Sunshine Law
- Public Information Office
- Budget & Finance
- Cyber Crime
- Purchasing
- Supply/Uniform
- Information Technology
- Operational Planning
Office of the Assistant Chief
The assistant chief, serves as acting police commissioner in the absence of the commissioner. the assistant chief holds the rank of lieutenant colonel.
Lawrence M. O'Toole has served as assistant chief since July 9, 2015.
The Office of the Assistant Chief is responsible for:
- Emergency Management
- Special Projects
- Asset Remova
- Cadet Program
- Auxiliary Services
Deputy chiefs
The rank of lieutenant colonel is the second-highest rank in the department, reporting to the commissioner of police. Each deputy chief serves as a member of the senior command staff and assists the commissioner in managing civilian and commissioned personnel.[16]
Bureau | Lieutenant Colonel |
---|---|
1 Office of the Assistant Chief & Auxiliary Services | Lawrence M. O'Toole |
2 Bureau of Investigative Services | Ronnie Robinson |
3 Bureau of Community Policing | Mary J. Warnecke |
4 Bureau of Specialized Enforcement | Rochelle Jones |
5 Bureau of Professional Standards | Michael Sack |
Majors
The rank of major is the third-highest rank in the department, reporting to a deputy chief. Each major serves as a member of the senior command staff and assists in managing civilian and commissioned personnel within their assigned areas.[17]
Bureau | Major |
---|---|
1 Deputy Commander of Professional Standards | Eric Larson |
2 Deputy Commander of Investigative Services | Darryl S. Dace |
3 Commander of Central Patrol Division | Renee Kriesmann |
4 Commander of North Patrol Division | Angela Coonce |
5 Commander of the South Patrol | Ryan Cousins |
Rank structure
Title | Insignia | Badge color | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Commissioner of Police (rank of Colonel) | ![]() |
Gold | The Commissioner of Police holds the rank of Colonel and is appointed by director of public safety. Highest rank in the Metropolitan Police Department. |
Deputy Chief (rank of Lieutenant Colonel) | ![]() |
Gold & Black | Deputy chiefs are appointed by the commissioner and hold the rank of lieutenant colonel, the second highest rank in the Metropolitan Police Department. |
Major | ![]() |
Gold | Majors are appointed by the commissioner. |
Captain | ![]() |
Gold | Captains are appointed by the commissioner. |
Lieutenant | ![]() |
Gold | Assigned to geographic patrol and detective divisions is responsible for supervising patrol sergeants, police officers and detectives who carry out day-to-day, routine crime suppression and investigative functions |
Sergeant | ![]() |
Sil-Ray w/ Gol-Ray panels | Sergeants are responsible for the direct supervision of their patrol division and the conduct, appearance and performance of personnel assigned under their command. |
Police Officer/Detective | No Insignia | Sil-Ray | Performs duties to patrol a specific area to protect life and property, and enforce laws and ordinances using tactful and courteous treatment of the public and conscientious and efficient performance of duties. |
Probationary Police Officer | No Insignia | Following graduation from the academy, officers receive the title Probationary Police Officer (PPO) for twelve months until being promoted to Police Officer. | |
Police Cadet | No Insignia | None | The goal of the program is to provide interested individuals between the ages of 18 and 20½ with paid, on the job training and exposure to various police department units; the opportunity to earn course credit; and the foundation to be successful and well-prepared upon entering the St. Louis Police Academy once turning 20½. |
Police Officer (Trainee) is the initial rank of oncoming Metropolitan Police officers, held while undergoing training at the Metropolitan Police Academy.[18]
Police vehicles
![](../I/St._Louis_Metropolitan_Police_Department_MetroLink_unit_Chevy_Tahoe.jpg.webp)
The department utilizes a variety of vehicles, including the Ford Police Interceptor, Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (CVPI), the Dodge Charger, the Chevrolet Tahoe, the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and 2500 series, the Chevrolet Impala 9C1, the Chevrolet Caprice, and the Ford F-150 and F-250. Both regularly marked and slicktop vehicles are used frequently. Each officer is issued the Beretta 92D 9mm handgun which has been standard issue since 1992. As of 2017 it was reported that the department would be getting new 9mm Beretta pistols to replace the currently issued aging 92D.[19]
Patrol cars
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Miscellaneous
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Specialized Enforcement
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Bureaus
The department is divided into four bureaus and an office.[20] which are typically commanded by a deputy chief. The bureaus fit under four umbrellas: Investigative Services, Professional Standards, and Specialized Enforcement and Community Policing. Bureaus are often subdivided into smaller divisions and units
Bureau | Commander | Description | Subdivisions | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bureau of Community Policing | Lieutenant Colonel Mary J. Warnecke | The Community Policing Bureau which is the largest bureau within the department. | The Bureau of Community Policing comprises six districts which are grouped into the North, South and Central patrols and the Housing Unit & Special Operations Team. | |
Bureau of Specialized Enforcement | Lieutenant Colonel Rochelle D. Jones | The Specialized Enforcement Bureau was created to enhance the department's coordinated response to major events and incidents that require specifically trained and equipped personnel. | The bureau comprises the Special Operations Investigators, Drug Enforcement & Intervention, Mobile Reserve, and Special Weapons & Tactics and Canine and Aviation and Traffic/Mounted Patrol and Park Rangers. | |
Bureau of Investigative Services | Lieutenant Colonel Ronnie Robinson | The Investigative Services is responsible for the safety and security | The bureau comprises Homicide, the St. Louis Regional Bomb and Arson Unit, Sex Crimes, Child Abuse, Domestic Abuse Response Team (DART) and Cyber Crimes and Domestic Violence Prevention. | |
Bureau of Professional Standards & Community Affairs | Lieutenant Colonel Michael Sack | The Bureau of Professional Standards is responsible for Investigating complaints of officer misconduct, maintaining the department’s CALEA accreditation, training personnel, and recruiting and selecting new officers. | The bureau comprises Police Academy, Force Investigation Unit, Police Trainees, Internal Affairs, Planning & Research and Private Security and CALEA & Officer Wellness/CIT Coordinator & Body Camera Unit & Laboratory/Identification. | |
Office of the Assistant Chief & Auxiliary Services | Lieutenant Colonel Lawrence M. O'Toole | The Office of the Assistant Chief & Auxiliary Services is responsible to ensure the integrity of the Police Department and its personnel. | The Office comprises Cadet Program, Emergency Management, Asset Removal, and the Special Projects & Auxiliary Services. | The Auxiliary Services comprises Property Custody, Communications, Communications Service Center, Telephone Reporting, Records, Warrant/Fugitive, Prisoner Processing, Marshals |
Bureau of Community Policing
The City of St. Louis is divided geographically into three area patrol stations and six police districts and 6 substations. Each patrol division is commanded by a major and each district is commanded by a captain. :[21]
The Bureau of Community Policing is led by Lieutenant Colonel Mary J. Warnecke.
South Patrol Division
Division number | Division name | Areas served | Commander | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st | South Patrol | Bevo Mill, Boulevard Heights, Carondelet, Carondelet Park, Holly Hills, Mount Pleasant, Patch, Princeton Heights and portions of Dutchtown and South Hampton.[23] | Captain Donnell Moore | 63,829 |
2nd | South Patrol | Botanical Gardens, Cheltenham, Clayton/Tamm, Clifton Heights, Ellendale, Forest Park, Forest Park Southeast, Franz Park, Hi-Point, Kings Oak, Lindenwood Park, McRee Town, North Hampton, Shaw, Southwest Garden, St. Louis Hills, The Hill, Tiffany, Tower Grove Park, Tower Grove South, Wilmore Park, Wydown/Skinker and portions of South Hampton.[24] | Captain Christi Marks | 73,128 |
Central Patrol Division
Division number | Division name | Areas served | Commander | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd | Central Patrol | Benton Park, Benton Park West, Compton Heights, Fox Park, Gravois Park, Kosciusko, Lafayette Square, LaSalle, and Marine Villa, McKinley Heights, Peabody–Darst–Webbe, Soulard, The Gate District, Tower Grove East and Portions of Dutchtown.[25] | Captain Joseph Morici | 47,090 |
4th | Central Patrol | Carr Square, Columbus Square, Covenant Blu-Grand Center, Downtown, Downtown West, Fairgrounds Park, Hyde Park, Jeff-Vander-Lou, Midtown, Old North St. Louis, St. Louis Place and Portions of College Hill Fairgrounds and Near North Riverfront[26] | Captain Brent Feig | 37,758 |
North Patrol Division
"Home of the Real Police"
District number | District name | Areas served | Commander | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
5th | North Patrol | Academy, Central West End, DeBaliviere Place, Fountain Park, Hamilton Heights, Kingshighway West, Lewis Place, Skinker/DeBaliviere, The Ville, Vandeventer, Visitation Park, Wells/Goodfellow, West End and portions of the Greater Ville and Kingsway East.[27] | Captain Michael Mueller | 51,615 |
6th | North Patrol | Baden , Mark Twain, Mark Twain/I-70 Industrial, North Point, North Riverfront, O'Fallon , O’Fallon Park, Penrose, Penrose Park, Riverview, Walnut Park East, Walnut Park West and portions of College Hill, Fairground , Greater Ville, Kingsway East and Near North Riverfront.[28] | Captain Latricia Allen | 37,853 |
Bureau of Professional Standards
The Bureau of Professional Standards is led by Lieutenant Colonel Michael Sack.
Force Investigation Unit
The Force Investigative Unit (FIU) was established in September 2014 as the entity responsible for the criminal investigation of all officer-involved shootings. The FIU investigates all officer-involved shootings occurring within the City of St. Louis involving commissioned officers of the Metropolitan Police Department, as well as commissioned officers of any other jurisdiction. Before the initiation of the FIU, the department researched and visited several other police departments to ensure the best policies and practices were implemented. The FIU consists of a lieutenant and four detectives dedicated solely to investigating officer-involved shootings. The team responses directly to the scene of each incident, allowing detectives to conduct a thorough investigation of the case. Under the new policies, once the FIU's investigation concludes, the case is then turned over to the Circuit Attorney's Office for review.[29]
Police Academy
The Metropolitan Police Academy recruits spend 28 weeks in the Academy with courses in Criminal and Constitutional Law, Patrol, Juvenile Procedures, Criminal Investigation, Report Writing, Firearms, Human Behavior, Traffic, Ethics and Driver Training. Recruits also have a rigorous physical training program and complete community service as part of their curriculum.[30]
Private Security
The Private Security Section is responsible for the processing, training, and licensing of all applicants for security licenses in the City of St. Louis. With the exception of St. Louis Police Officers, all persons performing a security function in the City of St. Louis must be licensed to do so through the Private Security Section.[31]
Internal Affairs
The Internal Affairs Division exists to investigate complaints from citizens about the conduct of department employees. [32]
CALEA Accreditation
The Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis, is proud to be a CALEA accredited agency. The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. (CALEA) was established in 1979 to assist law enforcement agencies in establishing and maintaining high standards of excellence. [33]
Laboratory/Identification
They provide forensic chemistry services to the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department employees, as well as outside agencies in the investigation of criminal as well as outside agencies in the investigation of criminal cases [34]
Bureau of Specialized Enforcement
The Bureau of Specialized Enforcement is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Rochelle Jones.
SWAT
The Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) of the SLMPD provides the city with 24-hour coverage necessary for immediate response to barricaded suspects, snipers, crisis and hostage negotiations, potential suicide-related situations, and other high-risk incidents. SWAT currently operates the Lenco BearCat and various SUVs. SLMPD SWAT conducts training both for SLMPD recruits and seasoned officers within the department plus visiting agencies from across the country as well as foreign police units. In any given year, they will respond to an average of 155 hostage incidents and execute over 365 high risk search warrants and/or arrest warrants. SWAT also provides dignitary protection for the president of the United States, the vice president, visiting heads of state and other dignitaries during visits to the St. Louis City area.[35]
K-9 Unit
The K-9 Unit deploys highly trained dog handlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the St. Louis. Canine personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any SLMPD division with searches for felony suspects. Four Canine officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs.[36]
The department has its own canine school.[37]
Aviation Unit
The SLMPD Aviation Unit operates as part of a multi-jurisdictional unit known as the Metro Air Support Unit. This unit is comprises the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department, as well as the St. Louis County Police Department and St. Charles County Sheriff’s Department.[38]
Mounted Patrol Unit
The Mounted Patrol Unit operates as part of the Traffic Safety Division. Mounted Patrol is responsible for patrolling the nearly 1,326 acres of Forest Park on a 24-hour basis. They assist with crowd control at major events and represent the department in annual parades in St. Louis.[39]
Today, the Mounted Patrol operates with two sergeants, fourteen officers, three civilians and eight horses.
Park Rangers Unit
Park Rangers protect assets and maintain order at city parks, recreation centers, and forest facilities through crime prevention and regulation.[40]
Bureau of Investigative Services
The Bureau of Investigative Services is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ronnie Robinson.
Homicide
The Homicide Division investigates cases where a victim is killed as a result of the actions of another person. Investigators in the Homicide Division also respond when a death may not be immediately apparent to be a homicide but the death is considered suspicious.[41]
Bomb and Arson
The Bomb and Arson Unit’s response area includes the City of St. Louis, St. Louis County, Jefferson County, and Franklin County. The unit is part of the FBI’s National Bomb Squad Task Force and can be utilized for bomb squad functions throughout Missouri and other states in the event of a large-scale emergency.[42]
Juvenile
The SLMPD Juvenile Unit Provides children and families should be aware of the following laws and resources for juveniles.[43]
Domestic Abuse Response Team
The DART unit is responsible for investigating and reporting domestic abuse cases, stalking, order of protection violations, incidents where the perpetrator is a current or former partner/spouse and elder abuse cases.[44]
Fallen officers
From April 28, 1836, to August 29, 2020, the Officer Down Memorial Page reported that 170 officers in the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department have died in the line of duty,[46] 90 of them from gunfire,[47] 38 from automobile-related incidents, and three from heart attacks.[47] Many families of those killed in the line of duty get support from BackStoppers, a local charity.
The causes of death are as follows:
Cause of deaths | Deaths |
---|---|
Aircraft accident | |
Animal related | |
Automobile accident | |
Assault | |
Electrocuted | |
Fall | |
Gunfire | |
Gunfire (Inadvertent) | |
Heart attack | |
Motorcycle accident | |
Struck by streetcar | |
Struck by train | |
Struck by vehicle | |
Structure collapse | |
Vehicular assault | |
Total | 170 |
Controversies
Officers with the SLMPD have been accused of several incidents of alleged police misconduct,[48][49] obstruction of justice,[48][50] violations of civil rights,[51] and racial prejudice.[52][53] Several of these controversial incidents have resulted in criminal charges against SLMPD officers, and some cases have resulted in guilty pleas.
Shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith (2017)
Assault of undercover officer Luther Hall (2018)
Three St. Louis police officers from its Civil Disobedience Team were charged with felony assault against undercover police officer Luther Hall during the 2017 Saint Louis protests. Officer Hall, according to the November 2018 indictment, had been extensively assaulted by the three officers. According to the prosecutors, officers Christopher Myers, Randy Hays, and Dustin Boone used excessive force in the form of kicking Hall and beating him with their police batons. Hall stated that the officers smashed his cell phone and broke a camera he had used to document the protests.[54] Hall's injuries as a result of the assault included an injured tailbone, two herniated discs, and a jaw injury that prevented Hall from eating, resulting in a twenty-pound weight loss.[55] Prosecutors obtained text messages from the officers involved, which revealed the officers' excitement at the prospect of brutalizing protesters. Officer Boone allegedly texted "it’s gonna be a lot of fun beating the hell out of those shitheads once the sun goes down and nobody can tell us apart!!!!” and “Did everyone see the protesters getting FUCKED UP in the galleria????? That was awesome.”[56]
A fourth police officer, Bailey Colletta, was charged with providing false testimony to a grand jury.[57] Colletta pled guilty to giving false testimony to cover up the attack on Hall, and admitted she had lied to the FBI and to a federal grand jury.[58]
All four officers were suspended without pay.[59]
Officer Hays, who allegedly had texted "going rogue does feel good", pled guilty to assault.[60] Hays admitted that on the evening of September 17, although Hays did not witness anything probable cause to arrest Hall, Hays and other officers arrested Hall. During the arrest, Hall was compliant and pinned to the ground, with Officer Boone's knee on Hall's shoulder and continually pushing down Hall's head while telling him not to look at them; during this time, officers kicked Hall in the face and beat him with a baton.[61]
An indictment released in December 2019 revealed that a fifth officer, Steve Korte, was also charged for violently beating Hall, and then lying to the FBI about his involvement. He was placed on administrative leave without pay.[62]
Hall filed a federal civil rights lawsuit in September 2019 against the police and against the city.[63]
"Exclusion List" Controversy (2019-20)
A controversy ensued in 2019 regarding the existence of a list created by circuit attorney Kimberly M. Gardner's office of 28 Metropolitan Department officers that were to be excluded from acting as witnesses in future prosecutions due to a history of misconduct.[64] In late September 2020, fifteen more officers were added to the list. This would indicate about five percent of the sworn officers of the department are listed. The names of those on the list has not been released to the public.[65]
"Russian Roulette" Incident (2019)
On January 24, police arrived at the residence of SLMPD officer Nathaniel Hendren following reports of gunshots, upon arrival police found 24-year-old officer Katlyn Alix fatally shot in the chest, following an alleged game of Russian roulette.[66] Saint Louis circuit attorney Kimberly M. Gardner criticized the investigation, stating that the department was obstructing the investigation of the shooting, claiming investigators refused to allow a sample of Officer Hendren's blood be tested for alcohol and other substances.[67][68][69] St. Louis Metropolitan Police Commissioner John Hayden Jr. responded to criticism of the investigation as unfounded.[70]
Plain View Project findings (2019)
In June 2019 officers and employees from numerous police departments in the United States were found to have participated in a number of private groups on Facebook that shared content that was described as racist,[71] violent, and Islamophobic.[72] This information was published online by the Plain View Project, which had viewed and documented the social-media accounts of 2,900 officers from eight separate departments, finding twenty percent of those users posted material that was determined to meet the threshold of being offensive.[73] At least 22 officers in the department were found to have participated in the closed groups, St. Louis Circuit Attorney Kimberly M. Gardner stated that these officers would be added to a list of officers who have been determined to be unable to provide witness testimony in criminal prosecutions.[74]
Prosecution of officer William C. Olsten (2019)
Former St. Louis police officer William C. Olsten was charged with three counts of felony third-degree assault on July 17, 2019 for allegations of pepper-spraying three protesters outside of Busch Stadium in 2017 against the acquittal of Officer Jason Stockley,[75]
Television
The homicide detectives of SLMPD will be featured in A&E's reality series The First 48.[76]
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- Schlinkmann, Mark; Rice, Rachel (June 4, 2019) Police investigate racist and anti-Muslim Facebook posts linked to St. Louis officers St. Louis Post-Dispatch
- "Cops Across The US Have Been Exposed Posting Racist And Violent Things On Facebook. Here's The Proof". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- CNN, Michelle Lou and Julia Jones. "Philadelphia, St. Louis police departments roiled by racist and hateful Facebook posts". CNN. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- Patrick, Robert. "Former St. Louis police officer charged with assault for pepper-spraying 3 during protests". stltoday.com. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- "First 48 - St Louis City Police".