Moment form

The concept of moment form, and the specific term, originated with the composition Kontakte (1958–60) by Karlheinz Stockhausen (Stockhausen 1963a, 189; Stockhausen 1963b, 250).

A "moment", in Stockhausen's terminology, is any "formal unit in a particular composition that is recognizable by a personal and unmistakable character." It can be either an indivisible gestalt, a structure with clear components, or a mixture of the two; and it can be static, or dynamic, or a combination of the two. "Depending on their characteristics, they can be as long or as short as you like" (Stockhausen 1963a, 200).

"Moment forming", on the other hand, is a compositional approach in which a narrative overall line is deliberately avoided. The component moments in such a form are related by a nonlinear principle of proportions. If this system of proportions exhausts a set of possibilities, the form is said to be "closed"; if not, or if the series of proportions is not finite, then the form is "open".

Moment form does not necessarily avoid perceptible goal-directed processes. "They simply refuse to participate in a globally directed narrative curve, which is, naturally, not their purpose" (Dack 1999). In Stockhausen's words, works with this property

neither aim at the climax, nor at prepared (and consequently expected) multiple climaxes, and the usual introductory, rising, transitional and fading-away stages are not delineated in a development curve encompassing the entire duration of the work. On the contrary, these forms are immediately intense and seek to maintain the level of continued "main points", which are constantly equally present, right up until they stop. In these forms a minimum or a maximum may be expected in every moment, and no developmental direction can be predicted with certainty from the present one; they have always already commenced, and could continue forever; in them either everything present counts, or nothing at all; and each and every Now is not unremittingly regarded as the mere consequence of the one which preceded it and as the upbeat to the coming one—in which one puts one's hope—but rather as something personal, independent and centred, capable of existing on its own. They are forms in which an instant does not have to be just a bit of a temporal line, nor a moment just a particle of a measured duration, but rather in which concentration on the Now—on every Now—makes vertical slices, as it were, that cut through a horizontal temporal conception to a timelessness I call eternity: an eternity that does not begin at the end of time but is attainable in every moment. I am speaking of musical forms in which apparently nothing less is being attempted than to explode (even to overthrow) the temporal concept—or, put more accurately: the concept of duration. . . .
In works of this kind the start and stop are open and yet they cease after a certain duration. (Stockhausen 1963a, 198–99)

Besides Kontakte, works cited by Stockhausen as being particularly concerned with moment forming include the earlier Gesang der Jünglinge (1955–56), as well as the subsequent Carré (1960), Momente (1962–64/69), Mixtur (1964), Mikrophonie I (1964), Mikrophonie II (1965), Telemusik (1966), Hymnen (1966–67/69), Stimmung (1968), Samstag aus Licht (1981–83), Michaelion from Mittwoch aus Licht, Himmelfahrt (2004–05), Freude (2005), and Himmels-Tür (2005) (Stockhausen 1963b, 250; Stockhausen and Kohl 1985, 25; Stockhausen 2002, xii and xx; Stockhausen 2006, 10; Stockhausen 2007, 3). The concept of moment form has often been confused with mobile (or, in Stockhausen's nomenclature, "polyvalent") forms, because in four of these compositions (Momente, Mixtur, Mikrophonie I, and Stimmung), the component moments can be ordered in different ways. Several other works by Stockhausen have this "mobile" feature, without falling into his category of moment form, for example, Klavierstück XI (1956), Refrain (1959), Zyklus (1959), and Sirius (1975–77).

Certain works by other composers, both earlier and contemporaneous, such as István Anhalt, Earle Brown, Elliott Carter, Barney Childs, Roberto Gerhard, Michael Gielen, Hans Werner Henze, Charles Ives, Witold Lutosławski, Olivier Messiaen, Morgan Powell, Roger Reynolds, Joseph Schwantner, Roger Sessions, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern, Stefan Wolpe, Yehuda Yannay, and Frank Zappa, have also been cited as instances of moment form (Albaugh 2004, 1, 7–8; Clarkson 2001; Kramer 1978, 178; Kramer 1988, 50–52 and 61–62).

• Albaugh, Michael D. 2004. "Moment Form and Joseph Schwantner's Aftertones of Infinity". DMA diss. Morgantown: West Virginia University. ISBN 0549737960.
• Clarkson, Austin. 2001. "Wolpe, Stefan." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. Also in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. (subscription access)
• Dack, John. 1999. "Kontakte and Narrativity". eContact 2, no. 2.
• Kaletha, Holger. 2004. "Decomposition of the Sound Continuum: Serialism and Development from a Genetic-Phenomenological Perspective." Perspectives of New Music 42, no. 1 (Winter): 84–128.
• Kohl, Jerome. 1981. "Serial and Non-Serial Techniques in the Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen from 1962–1968". Ph.D. diss., Seattle: University of Washington.
• Kramer, Jonathan. 1978. "Moment Form in Twentieth Century Music" (Subscription access). The Musical Quarterly 64:177–94.
• Kramer, Jonathan. 1988. The Time of Music: New Meanings, New Temporalities, New Listening Strategies. New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan.
• Morgan, Robert. 1975. "Stockhausen's Writings on Music" (Subscription access). The Musical Quarterly 61, no. 1 (January): 1–16. Reprinted in The Musical Quarterly 75, no. 4 (Winter 1991): 194–206.
• Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1957. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. Translated by Hazel E. Barnes. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1963a. "Momentform: Neue Beziehungen zwischen Aufführungsdauer, Werkdauer und Moment". In his Texte zur Musik, vol. 1, pp. 189-210. Cologne: DuMont Schauberg.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1963b. "Erfindung und Entdeckung", in his Texte zur Musik, vol. 1, pp. 222–58. Cologne: DuMont Schauberg.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 2002. Michaelion: 4. Szene vom Mittwoch aus Licht (score). Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 2006. Stockhausen-Courses Kuerten 2006: Composition Course on KLANG/SOUND, the 24 Hours of the Day: First Hour: ASCENSION for Organ or Synthesizer, Soprano and Tenor, 2004/05, Work No. 81. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 2007. Stockhausen-Kurse Kürten 2007: Kompositions-Kurs über KLANG, die 24 Stunden des Tages, Zweite Stunde: FREUDE für 2 Harfen, 2005 / Stockhausen Courses Kuerten 2007: Composition Course on KLANG/SOUND, the 24 Hours of the Day, Second Hour: FREUDE for 2 Harps, 2005, Work no. 82. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz, and Jerome Kohl. 1985. "Stockhausen on Opera". Perspectives of New Music 23, no. 2 (Spring): 24-39.
• Weizsäcker, Viktor von. 1960. Gestalt und Zeit. Göttingen: Verlag Vandenhoek & Ruprecht.