Mozilla Thunderbird

Mozilla Thunderbird is a free and open-source[9] cross-platform email client, personal information manager, news client, RSS and chat client developed by the Mozilla Foundation. The project strategy was originally modeled after that of the Mozilla Firefox web browser.

Mozilla Thunderbird
Mozilla Thunderbird 78.6.0
Developer(s)
Initial releaseJuly 28, 2003 (2003-07-28)
Stable release78.7.1[1] (February 5, 2021 (2021-02-05)) [±]
Preview release86.0 Beta 2[2] (February 8, 2021 (2021-02-08)) [±]
Repository
Written inC, C++, JavaScript,[3] CSS,[4][5] Rust, XUL, XBL
Operating systemWindows 7 or later; OS X 10.9 or later; FreeBSD; Linux[6]
Size50 MB
Available in56 languages
List of languages
Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Asturian, Basque, Belarusian, Breton, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (British), English (US), Estonian, Finnish, French, Frisian, Gaelic (Scotland), Galician, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Kabyle, Korean, Lithuanian, Lower Sorbian, Norwegian (Bokmål), Norwegian (Nynorsk), Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Romansh, Russian, Serbian, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish (Argentina), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Upper Sorbian, Vietnamese, Welsh.[7]
TypeEmail client, personal information manager, instant messaging client, news client, feed reader
LicenseMPL1.1 or GPL-2.0-or-later or LGPL-2.1-or-later[8]
Websitewww.thunderbird.net

On December 7, 2004, version 1.0 was released, and received more than 500,000 downloads in its first three days of release, and 1,000,000 in ten days.[10][11]

On July 6, 2012, Mozilla announced the company was dropping the priority of Thunderbird development because the continuous effort to extend Thunderbird's feature set was mostly fruitless. The new development model shifted to Mozilla offering only "Extended Support Releases", which deliver security and maintenance updates, while allowing the community to take over the development of new features.[12][13]

On December 1, 2015, Mozilla Executive Chair Mitchell Baker announced in a company-wide memo that Thunderbird development needed to be uncoupled from Firefox. She referred to Thunderbird developers spending large efforts responding to changes to Mozilla technologies, while Firefox was paying a tax to support Thunderbird development. She also said that she does not believe Thunderbird has the potential for "industry-wide impact" that Firefox does.[14][15] At the same time, it was announced that Mozilla Foundation would provide at least a temporary legal and financial home for the Thunderbird project.[16]

Mozilla brought Thunderbird back in-house in an announcement on May 9, 2017, and continued to support its development.[17][18] The Thunderbird development team expanded by adding several new members and overhauled security and the user interface.[19]

On January 28, 2020, the Mozilla Foundation announced that the project would henceforth be operating from a new wholly owned subsidiary, MZLA Technologies Corporation, in order to explore offering products and services that were not previously possible and to collect revenue through partnerships and non-charitable donations.[20]

Features

Thunderbird is an email, newsgroup, news feed, and chat (XMPP, IRC) client with personal information manager (PIM) functionality, inbuilt since version 78.0 and previously available from the Lightning calendar extension. Additional features are available from extensions.

Message management

Thunderbird can manage multiple email, newsgroup, and news feed accounts and supports multiple identities within accounts. Features such as quick search, saved search folders ("virtual folders"), advanced message filtering, message grouping, and tags help manage and find messages. On Linux-based systems, system mail (movemail) accounts are supported. Thunderbird provides basic support for system-specific new email notifications and can be extended with advanced notification support using an add-on.[21]

Junk filtering

Thunderbird incorporates a Bayesian spam filter, a whitelist based on the included address book, and can also understand classifications by server-based filters such as SpamAssassin.[22]

Extensions and themes

Extensions allow the addition of features through the installation of XPInstall modules (known as "XPI" or "zippy" installation) via the add-ons website that also features an update functionality to update the extensions.

Thunderbird supports a variety of themes for changing its overall look and feel. These packages of CSS and image files can be downloaded via the add-ons website at Mozilla Add-ons.[23]

Standards support

Thunderbird follows industry standards for email:

  • POP. Basic email retrieval protocol.
  • IMAP. Thunderbird has implemented many of the capabilities in IMAP, in addition to adding their own extensions and the de facto standards by Google and Apple.[24]
  • LDAP address auto-completion.
  • S/MIME: Inbuilt support for email encryption and signing using X.509 keys provided by a centralised certificate authority.
  • OpenPGP: Inbuilt support for email encryption and signing since version 78.2.1,[25][26] while older versions used extensions such as Enigmail.

For web feeds (e.g. news aggregators), it supports Atom and RSS.

For chat, it supports the IRC and XMPP protocol.

For newsfeeds, it uses NNTP and supports NNTPS.

File formats supported

Thunderbird provides mailbox format support using plugins, but this feature is not yet enabled due to related work in progress.[27] The mailbox formats supported as of July 2014 are:

  • mbox – Unix mailbox format (one file holding many emails)
  • maildir – known as maildir-lite (one file per email). As of August 2019 "there are still many bugs", so this is disabled by default.[28]

Thunderbird also uses Mork and (since version 3) MozStorage (which is based on SQLite) for its internal database. Mork was due to be replaced with MozStorage in Thunderbird 3.0,[29] but the 8.0 release still uses the Mork file format.

Big file linking

Since version 38, Thunderbird has integrated support for automatic linking of large files instead of attaching them directly to the mail message.

HTML formatting and code insertion

Thunderbird provides a wysiwyg editor for composing messages formatted with HTML (default). The delivery format auto-detect feature will send unformatted messages as plain text (controlled by a user preference). Certain special formatting like subscript, superscript and strikethrough is available from the Format menu. The Insert > HTML menu provides the ability to edit the HTML source code of the message. There is basic support for HTML template messages, which are stored in a dedicated templates folder for each account.

Limitations and known issues

As with any software, there may be limitations to the number and sizes of files and objects represented. For example, POP3 folders are subject to filesystem design limitations, such as maximum file sizes on filesystems that do not have large-file support, as well as possible limitations of long filenames, and other issues.[30]

Cross-platform support

Thunderbird runs on a variety of platforms. Releases available on the primary distribution site support the following operating systems:[31][32]

Unofficial ports are available for:

Ports for older versions available for OS/2 (including ArcaOS and eComStation).[35][36]

The source code is freely available and can be compiled to be run on a variety of other architectures and operating systems.

Internationalization and localization

With contributors all over the world, Thunderbird has been translated into more than 50 languages, although email addresses are currently limited to ASCII local parts.[37] Thunderbird does not yet support SMTPUTF8 (RFC 6531) or Email Address Internationalization.

Security

Thunderbird provides security features such as TLS/SSL connections to IMAP and SMTP servers. It also offers inbuilt support for secure email with digital signing and message encryption through OpenPGP (using public and private keys) or S/MIME (using certificates). Any of these security features can take advantage of smartcards with the installation of additional extensions.

Other security features may be added through extensions. Up to version 68, the Enigmail extension was required for OpenPGP support (now inbuilt).

Optional security protections also include disabling loading of remote images within messages, enabling only specific media types (sanitizer), and disabling JavaScript.

The French military uses Thunderbird and contributes to its security features, which are claimed to match the requirements for NATO's closed messaging system.[38]

Thunderbird is also installed by default on Ubuntu desktop systems as well as many other Linux distributions.

History
Main article: History of Mozilla Thunderbird
Logo of Thunderbird 2009–2018
Logo of Thunderbird until 2009

Originally launched as Minotaur shortly after Phoenix (the original name for Mozilla Firefox), the project failed to gain momentum. With the success of Firefox, however, demand increased for a mail client to go with it, and the work on Minotaur was revived under the new name of Thunderbird, and migrated to the new toolkit developed by the Firefox team.

Significant work on Thunderbird restarted with the announcement that from version 1.5 onward the main Mozilla suite would be designed around separate applications using this new toolkit. This contrasts with the previous all-in-one approach, allowing users to mix and match the Mozilla applications with alternatives. The original Mozilla Suite continues to be developed as SeaMonkey.

On December 23, 2004, Project Lightning was announced which tightly integrated calendar functionality (scheduling, tasks, etc.) into Thunderbird. Lightning supports the full range of calendar mechanisms and protocols supported by the Mozilla Calendar infrastructure, just as with modern (post-0.2) Sunbird.

On October 11, 2006, Qualcomm and the Mozilla Foundation announced that "future versions of Eudora will be based upon the same technology platform as the open source Mozilla Thunderbird email program."[39] The project was code-named Penelope.

In late 2006, Debian rebranded Thunderbird as Icedove due to trademark and copyright reasons. This was the second product to be rebranded.[9][40]

On July 26, 2007, the Mozilla Foundation announced that Thunderbird would be developed by an independent organization, because the Mozilla Corporation (a subsidiary of the foundation) was focusing on Mozilla Firefox development.[41]

On September 17, 2007, the Mozilla Foundation announced the funding of a new internet communications initiative with David Ascher of ActiveState. The purpose of this initiative was "to develop Internet communications software based on the Thunderbird product, code, and brand".[42]

On February 19, 2008, Mozilla Messaging started operations as a subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation responsible for the development of email and similar communications. Its initial focus was on the then upcoming version of Thunderbird 3. Alpha Preview releases of Thunderbird 3 were codenamed "Shredder". On April 4, 2011, Mozilla Messaging was merged into the Mozilla Labs group of the Mozilla Foundation.[43]

On July 6, 2012, a confidential memo from Jb Piacentino, the Thunderbird Managing Director at Mozilla, was leaked and published to TechCrunch.[44] The memo indicated that Mozilla would be moving some of the team off the project and further development of new features would be left up to the community. The memo was slated for release on July 9, 2012. A subsequent article by the Executive Chair of Mozilla, Mitchell Baker, stated Mozilla's decision to make a transition of Thunderbird to a new release and governance model.[12][13]

On November 25, 2014, Kent James of the volunteer-led Thunderbird Council announced on the Thunderbird blog that active contributors to Thunderbird gathered at the Mozilla office in Toronto and discussed the future of the application. They decided that more staff were required working full-time on Thunderbird so that the Thunderbird Team could release a stable and reliable product and make progress on features that had been frequently requested by the community.[45]

On December 1, 2015, Mitchell Baker suggested in a company-wide memo that Thunderbird should be uncoupled from Firefox's infrastructure.[14] She referred to Thunderbird as being a tax on Firefox and said that she did not believe Thunderbird had the potential for "industry-wide impact" that Firefox did.[46] Mozilla remained interested in having a role in Thunderbird, but sought more assistance to help with development.[47]

On May 9, 2017, Philipp Kewisch announced that the Mozilla Foundation would continue to serve as the legal and fiscal home for the Thunderbird project, but that Thunderbird would migrate off Mozilla Corporation infrastructure, separating the operational aspects of the project.[48]

The interim/beta versions Thunderbird 57 and 58, released in late 2017, began to make changes influenced by Firefox Quantum, including a new "Photon" user interface.[49][50]

Despite the removal in Firefox Quantum of support for XUL-based legacy add-ons in favor of WebExtensions, the stable/ESR release of Thunderbird 60 in mid-2018 continued to support them, although most would require updates, and it did not support WebExtensions except for Themes.[51][52]

In 2018, work was underway for planned support in Thunderbird 63 of WebExtensions and to continue to "somewhat" support legacy addons, according to Mozilla.[53]

With the release of Thunderbird 68 in August 2019 it now only supports WebExtension addons.[54] Legacy Addons can still be used if a special "legacy mode" is enabled, but even for this, the legacy Addon has to be converted.[55]

Releases

Thunderbird development releases occur in three stages, called Beta, Earlybird, and Daily, which correspond to Firefox's Beta, Aurora, and Nightly stages. The release dates and Gecko versions are exactly the same as Firefox; for example, Firefox 7 and Thunderbird 7 were both released on September 27, 2011, and were both based on Gecko 7.0.

References
  1. "Thunderbird — Release Notes (78.7.1)". Mozilla Foundation. February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  2. "Thunderbird — Beta Notes (85.0beta) — Thunderbird". February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  3. "Firefox's addons are written in JavaScript". Rietta. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  4. "Firefox uses an "html.css" stylesheet for default rendering styles". David Walsh. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  5. "The Firefox addon, Stylish takes advantage of Firefox's CSS rendering to change the appearance of Firefox". userstyles.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  6. "Thunderbird 78.0 System Requirements". mozilla.org. Mozilla Messaging. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  7. "Download a Thunderbird that SPEAKS YOUR LANGUAGE". mozilla.com. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  8. Icedove - Free Software Directory, retrieved September 23, 2020
  9. "Debian and Mozilla – a study in trademarks". LWN.net. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
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  11. "thunderbird 1.0 reaches 1,000,000 downloads in just 10 days!". Asa Dotzler's Blog. December 18, 2004. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  12. "Thunderbird: Stability and Community Innovation". Mitchell's Blog. July 6, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  13. "Thunderbird/New Release and Governance Model". MozillaWiki. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
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  15. Lunden, Ingrid. "Mozilla Wants To Split Off Its Thunderbird Email/Chat Client, Says Mitchell Baker Memo". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
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  17. Kewisch, Philipp. "Thunderbird's Future Home". The Mozilla Thunderbird Blog. Mozilla. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  18. Lardinois, Frederic. "Mozilla promises a faster, prettier Thunderbird with better Gmail support". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
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  35. "Warpzilla – Mozilla for OS/2". Os2news.warpstock.org. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018. Firefox 52esr is the last version that will be ported to OS/2.
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