Municipal corporation (India)

Municipal corporations are referred to by different names in different states (due to regional language variations), all of which are translated to "municipal corporation" in English. These names include Nagar Nigam (in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and Haryana), Nagara Nigama (in Punjab), Mahanagar Palika (in Goa and Maharashtra), Mahanagara Palike (in Karnataka), Mahanagar Seva Sadan (in Gujarat), Pouro Nigom (in Assam), Pouro Nigam (in West Bengal), Pur Porishod (in Tripura), Nagar Palika Nigam (in Madhya Pradesh), Nagara Palaka Samstha (in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Nagara Sabha (in Kerala) and Maanagaraatchi (in Tamil Nadu).

The Vadodara Municipal Corporation of the city of Vadodara in Gujarat is typically called by the name "Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan" and the Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation of the city of Bengaluru in Karnataka is typically called "Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike". The detailed structure of these urban bodies varies from state to state, as per the laws passed by the state legislatures, but the basic structure and function is almost the same.

Administrative structure of India

The area administered by a municipal corporation is known as a municipal area. Each municipal area is divided into territorial constituencies known as wards. A municipal corporation is made up of a wards committee. Each ward has one seat in the wards committee. Members are elected to the wards committee on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. These members are known as councillors or corporators. The number of wards in a municipal area is determined by the population of the city. Some seats are reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women.[1]

A state can choose to constitute additional committees to carry functions of urban local governance, in addition to the wards committees. In addition to the councillors elected from the wards, the legislature of a state may also choose to make provisions for the representation of persons having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, the MPs or MLAs representing the constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the municipal area, and/or the commissioners of additional committees that the state may have constituted. If a state legislature appoints a person from the first category to a wards committee, that individual will not have the right to vote in the meetings of the municipal corporation, while MPs, MLAs and commissioners do have the right to vote in meetings.[1]

The largest corporations are in the fourteen major metropolitan cities of India, viz. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Kanpur, Lucknow, Visakhapatnam, Surat, Jaipur, Bhubaneswar and Nagpur. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) of the city of Mumbai in Maharashtra is the richest municipal corporation in India.[2][3] Greater Chennai Corporation of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu is the oldest municipal corporation in India and second oldest municipal corporation in the world only behind City of London Corporation in United Kingdom.

The Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation, but in most states and territories of India the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner. The office of the Mayor combines a functional role of chairing the Corporation meeting as well as ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city. As per the amended Municipal Corporation Act of 1888, a Deputy Mayor is appointed by the Mayor. The tenure of the Mayor and Deputy Mayor is five years. However, in seven states; Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Mayors are directly elected by the people and thus hold the executive powers of the municipal corporations.

Executive officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of mayor and councilors.

The Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution lists the subjects that municipal corporations are responsible for. Corporations may be entrusted to perform functions and implement schemes including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule.[1]

• Urban planning including town planning.
• Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
• Planning for economic and social development.
• Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
• Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management.
• Fire services.
• Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects.
• Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded.
• Slum improvement and upgradation.
• Urban poverty alleviation.
• Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds.
• Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
• Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums.
• Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
• Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
• Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences.
• Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries[1]

• Water supply bills
• Property taxes
• Rents from municipal corporation-owned markets, houses, plazas, etc.
• Taxes from commercial vehicles registered in the city
• Grants provided by the respective state governments.

• 
  Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, Bombay, Maharashtra
• 
  Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
• 
  Calcutta Municipal Corporation, Calcutta, West Bengal
• 
  Greater Madras Corporation, Madras, Tamil Nadu
• 
  Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Bengaluru, Karnataka
• 
  Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad, Telangana
• 
  Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
• 
  Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra
• 
  Surat Municipal Corporation, Surat, Gujarat
• 
  Jaipur Municipal Corporation, Jaipur, Rajasthan
• 
  Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Nagpur, Maharashtra
• 
  Vadodara Municipal Corporation, Vadodara, Gujarat
• 
  Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

• List of municipal corporations of India
• Municipal governance in India