Naumkeag

Naumkeag was designed by architect Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White in 1885 as the summer estate for Joseph Hodges Choate (1832–1917), a prominent New York City attorney and American ambassador to England from 1899 to 1905, and his wife Caroline Dutcher Sterling Choate, an artist and advocate for women's education. Naumkeag was later the residence of his daughter Mabel.[3]

The house is built in the Shingle Style with a wood-shingled exterior featuring brick and stone towers, prominent gables and large porch, and interiors with fine woodwork. It contains the Choate family's furniture, Chinese porcelain, and artwork collected from America, Europe, and the Far East.

The house sits within 8 acres (3.2 ha) of terraced gardens (including The Rose Garden, The Afternoon Garden, and The Chinese Garden) and landscaped grounds surrounded by 40 acres (16 ha) of woodland, meadow, and pasture. Its grounds were first designed in the late 1880s by Nathan Barrett, then replanned and expanded between 1926 and 1956 by the noted landscape designer Fletcher Steele. Barrett's original designs included two terraces, perennial beds (now the Chinese Garden), and an evergreen topiary. Steele's additions include the Afternoon Garden (1926); arguably his most famous design, the Blue Steps (1938); and the Chinese Garden (1936–1955).

An autochrome of the Choates in Naumkeag's garden, c. 1910.

Colonial settlement of the Prospect Hill section of Stockbridge began with the town's founding as a Native American mission community in the 1730s.[4] The future site of Naumkeag was probably acquired by New York lawyer David Dudley Field in the 1870s, and purchased by Joseph Hodges Choate in 1884.[4][5] Choate's family had vacationed in Stockbridge (where Choate's law partners also summered), and had picnicked on the property. Choate persuaded Field (whom he had opposed in the Boss Tweed legal cases) to part with 40 acres (16 ha) on the south side of the hill.[5]

Choate was a longtime friend of architect Charles McKim, but most of the architectural design work was done by McKim's partner Stanford White.[5] Although design work began shortly after the purchase, construction was delayed by the death of Choate's son.[6] The house was completed in 1887 at a cost of about $35,000. White was also instrumental in providing the decorations and furnishings of the house, traveling to Europe with the Choates for the purpose.[5]

The house underwent a variety of alterations and additions, some guided by architects George de Gersdorff and Charles Platt. The library was expanded in 1897, enclosing a space that had once served as a south-facing porch. The number of bathrooms was raised from four to seven in the early years of the 20th century. These changes, which included the addition of a porch to the master bedroom, necessitated the addition of a dormer on the third floor and a number of new windows. During the period of Mabel Choate's ownership only modest changes were made.[5]

Joseph Choate first offered the landscape design to Frederick Law Olmsted, but rejected his proposal to place the house halfway down the hill, where a favorite oak tree was located. The landscaping contract was instead given to Nathan Barrett, a self-taught designer then best known for his municipal work. Barrett's vision of the landscape was implemented between 1884 and 1894. His design included formal flower gardens near the house, and had a broad meadow slope down the hill, with an orchard and the family cemetery plot at the bottom.[5] For the main fountain Choate commissioned White's friend and sculptor Frederick MacMonnies to produce a work; the result was Young Faun with Heron.[7]

A garden wall.

Between 1895 and 1925 minor changes were made to the gardens under the guidance of Percival Gallagher and Marian Coffin. Design decisions in the later years were dominated by Choate's daughter Mabel, especially after Choate's death in 1917. Mabel acquired full control of the estate after her mother's death in 1929. Mabel Choate began her long and fruitful collaboration with designer Fletcher Steele in 1926. Upon her death in 1958 the estate was bequeathed to the Trustees of Reservations, to be "an authentic representation of the times and manner of living which it now [1958] reflects."[5]

Naumkeag's main house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975; the listing was expanded and the entire estate was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2007. Its designation was made for the architecture and content of the house, which are well-preserved examples of a Gilded Age country estate, and for the innovative landscape design work of Fletcher Steele.[5]

• Berkshire Cottages
• Ventfort Hall
• The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)
• Chesterwood (Massachusetts)
• Mission House (Stockbridge, Massachusetts)
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts

• Broderick, Mosette Glaser (2010). Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age. New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780307594273. OCLC 698447571.
• McAlester, Virginia and Lee (1994). Great American Houses and Their Architectural Styles. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 1558597506. OCLC 30154945.

• Naumkeag (brochure), The Trustees of Reservations, 2005.

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  Afternoon Garden
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  Blue Steps
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  Chinese Garden
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  Grounds

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naumkeag.

• The Trustees of Reservations: official Naumkeag website
• Lalh.org: "Fletcher Steele at Naumkeag" — online video on the gardens and their designer.
• U.S. Department of the Interior: "Interior Secretary Designates 12 National Historic Landmarks" — Naumkeag is one of the 12 — April 4, 2007 press release.
• The Fletcher Steele Archives at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry