Nemegt Formation

The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.

Nemegt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
~70 Ma
↓
Altan Uul III, a highly fossiliferous location of the formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsLower, Middle and Upper units
UnderliesAlluvium
OverliesBarun Goyot Formation
ThicknessOver 235 m (771 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherMudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates43.5°N 101.0°E / 43.5; 101.0
Approximate paleocoordinates40.8°N 90.2°E / 40.8; 90.2
RegionBayankhongor Aimag, Omnogov, Ovorhangai
Country Mongolia
ExtentGobi Desert

Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia. Nemegt localities at area A.

Description

The Nemegt Formation is composed of mudstones and sandstones that were deposited by ancient lakes, streams, and flood plains. The Altan Uul locality was described by Michael Novacek as "a canyon carved out of a very rich series of sedimentary rocks" with "steep cliffs and narrow washes". The climate associated with it was wetter than when preceding formations were deposited; there seems to have existed at least some degree of forest cover. Fossilized trunks have been also found. These petrified wood, and the remains of Araucariaceae conifers indicate that the forests of the Nemegt were thickly wooded, with a high canopy formed by tall conifer trees. When examined, the rock facies of this formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that there existed a rich habitat, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain massive Cretaceous dinosaurs.[1][2]

Stratigraphy
Nemegt and Barun Goyot

The most recent stratigraphy divides the Nemegt Formation into three informal members. The lower member is dominated by fluvial deposits, while middle and upper members consist of alluvial plain, paludal, lacustrine, and fluvial deposits. The colour of the sediments is usually light grey to tan in colour in comparison to the typically red colour of the underlying Barun Goyot Formation.[3] It overlies and sometimes interfingers with the Barun Goyot Formation. Interfingering has been noted at the stratotype (Red Walls) and Hermiin Tsav.[3] There has been no absolute dating of the Nemegt Formation. Historically the Nemegt has been considered late Campanian to Maastrichtian, based on comparisons of fossils present, but no exact dating has been performed. The age for the underlying Baruungoyot Formation (= Svita) has been suggested as Santonian to Campanian, and Shuvalov (2000) found K-Ar dating of basalts that they referred to the mid and upper Baruungoyot to be 75 to 80 million years old.[4]

Paleobiota of the Nemegt Formation
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Invertebrates
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanicypris A. bispinifera Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Complete carapace and left valve."[5] An ostracod.
A. multispina Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Nine carapaces and some detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
A. szczechurae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Candona C. altanulaensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
cf. C. fabaeformis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Several carapaces and deatached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Candoniella C. altanica Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
C. mordvilkoi Altan Uul IV "Three adult carapaces."[6] An ostracod.
Cyclocypris C. transitoria Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Seven adult carapaces."[5] An ostracod.
Cypria C. elata Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav "Several carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
Cypridopsis? C. bugintsavicus Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Ten adult carapaces."[5] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt "Several complete carapaces."[5] An ostracod.
Cypris? C. ectypa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Ulan Bulag "Complete carapaces and some deatached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Cypridea cf. C. punctilataeformis Nemegt "One adult carapace."[6] An ostracod.
C. barsboldi Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
C. cavernosa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
C. rostrata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Caparaces."[6] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Five juvenile carapaces."[5] An ostracod.
Gobiella G. prima Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Several carapaces and detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Khandia K. stankevitchae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Multiple carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
Leiria Indeterminate Nemegt "Several deatached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt "Complete carapace."[5] An ostracod.
Limnocythere sp. Indeterminate Nemegt "Juvenile carapace."[5] An ostracod.
Lycopterocypris? cf. L. profunda Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Multiple complete carapaces and left valve."[5] An ostracod.
Mongolianella M. palmosa? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Several adult carapaces."[5] An ostracod.
Mongolocypris M. distributa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple specimens with complete carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
Nemegtia N. biformata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple complete carapaces and several detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
N. obliquecostae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Multiple carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
N. reticulata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Several carapaces and detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Paracypridea? P. mongolica Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Rhinocypris sp. Indeterminate Nemegt "Several carapaces."[5] An ostracod.
Scabriculocypris S. ingenicus? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Naran Bulag, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
S. rasilis? Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Several carapaces and detached valves."[5] An ostracod.
Timiriasevia cf. T. miaogouensis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt "Seven valves."[5] An ostracod.
cf. T. opinabilis Altan Uul IV "Adult carapace."[6] An ostracod.
T. minuscula Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[5] An ostracod.
T. naranbulakensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Four carapaces and one right valve."[5] An ostracod.
Ziziphocypris Z. costata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Fourteen carapaces."[5] An ostracod.

Maniraptorans
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Adasaurus[7] A. mongoliensis[7] Bügiin Tsav "Partial skull and fragmentary postcrania from two specimens."[8] A dromaeosaurid.
Avimimus[9] A. portentosus[9] Shar Tsav, Udyn Sayr "Skull roof with fragmentary body elements."[10] An avimimid.
A. nemegtensis[10] Nemegt "Fragmented skull with partial skeleton."[10] An avimimid.
Borogovia[11] B. gracilicrus[11] Altan Uul IV "Partial hindlimbs."[11] A troodontid.
Brodavis[12] B. mongoliensis[12] Bügiin Tsav "Nearly complete left tarsometatarsus."[12] A hesperornithine.
Elmisaurus[13] E. rarus[13] Altan Uul II, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt "Fragmentary skull and partially complete skeletons from several specimens."[10] A caenagnathid.
Gobiraptor[14] G. minutus[14] Altan Uul III "Partial crania with complete lower jaws and fragmented postcrania."[14] An oviraptorid.
Gurilynia[15] G. nessovi[15] Guriliin Tsav "Left coracoid and partial humerii."[15] An enantiornithine.
Judinornis[16] J. nogontsavensis[16] Nogon Tsav "Dorsal vertebra."[16] A hesperornithine.
Laevisoolithus[17] L. sochavai "Whole egg with partly broken pole"[17] Laid by a bird or small theropod.[17]
Mononykus[18] M. olecranus[18] Bügiin Tsav "Fragmentary skull, vertebrae, limbs and fragmented pelvis."[19] An alvarezsaurid.
Mononykus cf. Indeterminate Altan Uul III "Caudal vertebrae and left hindlimb."[20] An alvarezsaurid.
Nemegtomaia[21] N. barsboldi[21] Nemegt "Multiple specimens including a nesting specimen and eggs."[22] An oviraptorid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Nemegtonykus[20] N. citus[20] Altan Uul III "Partially complete skeleton from two specimens lacking the skull."[20] An alvarezsaurid.
Nomingia[23] N. gobiensis[23] Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Vertebral series with partial hindlimbs and a referred pygostyle."[10] An oviraptorid.
Oksoko[24] O. avarsan Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav "Multiple associated skeletons."[24] An oviraptorid.
Rinchenia[25] R. mongoliensis[25] Altan Uul II "Skull with nearly complete skeleton."[10] An oviraptorid.
Subtiliolithus[17] S. microtuberculatus[17] "Eggshell fragments"[17]
Teviornis[26] T. gobiensis[26] Guriliin Tsav "Partial forelimbs."[26] An anseriform.
Therizinosaurus[27] T. cheloniformis[27] Altan Uul, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Upper White Beds of Hermiin Tsav "Two specimens with forelimb elements and one with a referred hindlimb."[28] A giant therizinosaurid.
Tochisaurus[29] T. nemegtensis[29] Nemegt "Left metatarsus."[29] A troodontid.
Undescribed therizinosaurids Indeterminate Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial remains."[30] Therizinosaurid remains.
Unnamed ornithurans Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "A humerus and two tibiotarsi."[31] Ornithuran remains.
Zanabazar[32] Z. junior[33] Bügiin Tsav "Skull with fragmentary postcranial skeleton."[32] A troodontid originally identified as "Saurornithoides junior".

Ornithomimosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Anserimimus[34] A. planinychus[34] Bügiin Tsav "Partial skeleton lacking the skull."[34][35] An ornithomimid.
Deinocheirus[36] D. mirificus[36] Altan Uul III-IV, Bügiin Tsav Upper Nemegt Beds "Complete skull with virtually complete postcranial remains from three specimens."[37] A giant deinocheirid.
Gallimimus[38] G. bullatus[38] Presence in most localities[39] "Multiple specimens with nearly complete skull and postcranial elements."[39][40] An ornithomimid.
Unnamed ornithomimid[41] Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "Partial vertebral column with fore and hindlimbs."[41][39] An ornithomimid.

Tyrannosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Alioramus[42] A. remotus[42] Nogon Tsav "Partially preserved skull with very sparse postcranial remains."[42] An alioramin.
A. altai[43] Tsagan Khushu "Nearly complete skull with partial postcrania."[43] An alioramin.
Bagaraatan[44] B. ostromi[44] Nemegt "Fragmentary lower jaw, hindlimb and caudal vertebrae."[44] A tyrannosauroid.

Raptorex[45]

R. kreigsteni[45]

 "Nearly complete skeleton including the skull."[45] A tyrannosaurid that could be a juvenile Tarbosaurus.[46]
Tarbosaurus[47] T. bataar[48] Presence in most localities[2] "Nearly complete skeletons from multiple specimens."[47][48][2] A large tyrannosaurid.

Cerapods
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Barsboldia[49] B. sicinskii[49] Nemegt "Partial vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs."[49][50] A hadrosaurid.
Homalocephale[51] H. calathoceros[51] Nemegt "Partial skull and skeleton including hindlimbs."[51] A pachycephalosaurid.
Prenocephale[51] P. prenes[51] Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Complete skull and partial postcranium of several specimens."[51][52] A pachycephalosaurid.
Saurolophus[53] S. angustirostris[54] Presence in most localities[55] "Multiple specimens, including articulated skulls and postcranial skeletons."[56][57][58] A hadrosaurid.

Ankylosaurids
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
"Dyoplosaurus"[59] "D". giganteus[59] Nemegt "Caudal vertebrae, partial feet, osteoderms and a partial tail club."[60] An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium.
Saichania[61] S. chulsanensis[61] Altan Uul IV "Partial vertebrae, tail club, and osteoderms."[62] An ankylosaurid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Tarchia[61] T. teresae[62] Altan Uul IV, Hermiin Tsav I "Skull, partial body elements vertebrae, partial limbs and tail club"[62] An ankylosaurid.
Undescribed ankylosaurids Indeterminate Altan Uul II-III-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav I, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt "Several body elements including vertebrae and osteoderms."[60] Ankylosaurid remains.
Unnamed ankylosaurid Indeterminate Altan Uul III "Partial pelvis, caudal vertebrae, tail, osteoderms and skin impressions."[60] An ankylosaurid.

Sauropods
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Nemegtosaurus[63] N. mongoliensis[63] Nemegt "Skulls and body remains from several specimens."[64][65][66] A titanosaur.
Opisthocoelicaudia[67] O. skarzynskii[67] Altan Uul IV "Nearly complete skeleton without the skull and cervical series."[65] A titanosaur.
Undescribed sauropods Indeterminate Altan Uul I-II-II-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Khamaryn Khural, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu, Ulan Khushu "Several fragmentary remains."[65] Sauropod remains that may represent already named taxa.

Pterosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Unnamed azhdarchid Indeterminate Guriliin Tsav "Fragmentary cervical vertebrae."[68] A giant azhdarchid

Crocodylomorphs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Paralligator[69] P. gradilifrons[69] Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Ulaan Bulag "Partially complete skulls with sparse body elements."[69] A paralligatorid.

Mammals
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Buginbaatar[70] B. transaltaiensis[70] Bügiin Tsav "Fragmentary skull."[70] A multituberculate.
"Gurlin Tsav skull" Indeterminate A mysterious metatherian, possibly a sparassodont.

See also

References
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