Northern Maori

Northern Maori was one of New Zealand's four original parliamentary Māori electorates established in 1868, along with Eastern Maori, Western Maori and Southern Maori. In 1996, with the introduction of MMP, the Maori electorates were updated, and Northern Maori was replaced with the Te Tai Tokerau electorate.

Population centres

The electorate included the following population centres: Auckland, Whangarei.

Tribal areas

The electorate included the following tribal areas:

History

The Northern Maori electorate boundary was in South Auckland. It extended from Auckland City north to Northland, and had only minor boundary changes from 1868 to 1996.

The first member of parliament for Northern Maori from 1868 was Frederick Nene Russell; he retired in 1870. The second member of parliament from 1871 to 1875 and in 1887 was Wi Katene.

In the 1879 election there was some doubt about the validity of the election result, and a law was passed to confirm the result in Northern Maori and two other electorates.[1]

The electorate was held by Labour from 1938. Paraire Karaka Paikea died in 1943, and was replaced by his son Tapihana Paraire Paikea.

In 1979, Matiu Rata resigned from the Labour Party as a protest against Labour policies. In 1980 he resigned from Parliament, but came second in the subsequent by-election. The by-election was won by the Labour candidate, Bruce Gregory.

Tau Henare won the electorate from Gregory for New Zealand First in 1993; a foretaste of the success of Henare and the other New Zealand First candidates (known as the Tight Five) in the Māori electorates in 1996. In 1996 with MMP, the Northern Maori electorate was replaced by Te Tai Tokerau, and won by Henare.

Tau Henare is a great-grandson of Taurekareka Henare who had held the electorate for the Reform Party from 1914 to 1938.

Members of Parliament

The Northern Maori electorate was represented by 15 Members of Parliament:[2]

Key

  Independent     Liberal     Reform     National     Labour     NZ First  

Election Winner
1868 Māori election Frederick Nene Russell
1871 election Wi Katene
1876 election Hori Tawhiti
1879 election Hone Tawhai
1881 election
1884 election Ihaka Hakuene
1887 by-election Wi Katene
1887 election Sydney Taiwhanga
1890 election
1891 by-election Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa
1893 election Hone Heke Ngapua
1896 election
1899 election
1901 by-election
1902 election
1905 election
1908 election
1909 by-election Te Rangi Hīroa
1911 election
1914 election Taurekareka Henare
1919 election
1922 election
1925 election
1928 election
1931 election
1935 election
1938 election Paraire Karaka Paikea
1943 election Tapihana Paraire Paikea
1946 election
1949 election
1951 election
1954 election
1957 election
1960 election
1963 by-election Matiu Rata
1963 election
1966 election
1969 election
1972 election
1975 election
1978 election
1980 by-election Bruce Gregory
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election
1993 election Tau Henare

Election results

Note that the affiliation of many early candidates is not known.

1980 by-election
1980 Northern Maori by-election[3]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bruce Gregory 3,580 52.41
Mana Motuhake Matiu Rata 2,589 37.90
Social Credit Joe Toia 560 8.20
Cheer Up W Hetaraka 80 1.17
Christian Democratic Tom Weal 13 0.19
Reform Party P Te W Warner 9 0.13
Majority 991 14.51
Turnout 6,831 41.38
Labour hold Swing

1963 by-election
1963 Northern Maori by-election[4][5]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 3,090 42.04
National James Henare 2,643 35.96
Independent Labour Eru Maku Pou 562 7.65
Social Credit William Clarke 340 4.63
Independent Te Kaiaraiha Hui 268 3.65
Independent Whina Cooper 257 3.50
Independent Labour Pikea Henare Toka 143 1.95
Independent Hohaia Tokowha Mokaraka 25 0.34
Kauhananui Hemi Kuit Peita 22 0.30
Majority 447 6.08
Turnout 7,350 58.10
Labour hold Swing

1943 election

There were nine candidates in 1943, with the election won by Tapihana Paraire Paikea over Eru Moka Pou.[6]

1931 election
1931 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Reform Taurekareka Henare 3,297 58.56
Ratana Paraire Karaka Paikea 2,109 37.46
Independent Hemi Whautere Witehira 224 3.98
Majority 1,188 21.10
Turnout 5,630

1909 by-election
1909 Northern Maori by-election[8][9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Te Rangi Hiroa 1,452 71.60
Independent Kaka Porowini 296 14.60
Independent Herepita Rapihana 280 13.81
Independent Hone Hapa 199 9.81
Independent Hone Wi Kaitaia 173 8.53
Independent Hetaraka Himi Hare 93 4.59
Independent Te Riri Maihi Kawiti 74 3.65
Independent Papa Uroroa 52 2.56
Independent Reihana Netana 25 1.23
Turnout 2028
Majority 1156 57.00

1901 by-election
1901 Northern Maori by-election[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Hone Heke Ngapua 1,751 71.41
Independent Riapo Puhipi 416 16.97
Independent Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 285 11.62
Independent Hapeta Henare 97 3.96
Independent Kiri Pararea 94 3.83
Independent Pouaka Parore 76 3.10
Turnout 2452
Majority 1335 54.45

1899 election
1899 general election: Northern Maori[11]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Hone Heke Ngapua 1,453 64.15 -17.24
Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 367 16.20 -2.40
Henry Flavell 225 9.93
Keritoke Te Ahu 126 5.56
Poata Uruamo 94 4.15
Majority 1,086 47.95 -14.84
Turnout 2,265

1891 by-election

1891 Northern Maori by-election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 632 43.68
Independent Timoti Puhipuhi 515 35.59
Independent Wiremu Katene 300 20.73
Independent Haki Rewite 194 13.41
Independent Renata Tekawatuku 7 0.48
Independent Kipa Te Whatanui 1 0.07
Turnout 1447
Majority 117 8.09

1896 election
1896 general election: Northern Maori[12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Hone Heke Ngapua 1,706 81.39
Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 390 18.61
Majority 1,316 62.79
Turnout 2,096[nb 1]

Table footnotes:

  1. Whilst the source states the count was final, McRobie states the number of votes cast as 2,104.[13]

1890 election
1890 general election: Northern Maori[14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Sydney Taiwhanga 661 48.82
Tinoti Pupipupi 394 29.10
Conservative Wi Katene 192 14.18
Wiremu Mikihana 107 7.90
Majority 267 19.72
Turnout 1,354

Notes
  1. "Elections Validation Act, 1879". New Zealand Law online.
  2. Wilson 1985, p. 268.
  3. Norton 1988, p. 398.
  4. Norton 1988, p. 397.
  5. "12 candidates for two by-election". The New Zealand Herald. 23 February 1963. p. 1.
  6. "Electoral". Auckland Star. LXXIV (290). 7 December 1943. p. 6. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  7. The General Election, 1931. Government Printer. 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  8. "Northerrn Maori Election". The New Zealand Herald. 22 March 1909.
  9. "Northern Maori Election". Manawatu Herald. 23 March 1909.
  10. "Northern Maori Election". Auckland Star. 19 January 1901.
  11. "The General Election, 1899". Wellington: Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 19 June 1900. p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  12. "Untitled". Poverty Bay Herald. XXIII (7810). 24 December 1896. p. 2. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  13. McRobie 1989, p. 133.
  14. "The Maori Representation". Otago Witness (1920). 4 December 1890. p. 15. Retrieved 27 November 2013.

References
  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
  • Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand parliamentary election results, 1946–1987. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington Department of Political Science. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

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