Notopalaeognathae

Notopalaeognathae is a clade that contains the order Rheiformes (rheas), the clade Novaeratitae (birds such as the kiwis and the emus), the order Tinamiformes (tinamous) and the extinct order Dinornithiformes (the moas).[2] The exact relationships of this group have only recently been understood, with tinamous and the moas sharing a common ancestor[3][4][5][6] and the kiwis are more closely related to emus and cassowaries.[5] The extinct elephant birds of Madagascar have recently been identified as closest relative to the kiwis.[5] The rheas are either the basal most branch of notopalaeognaths[7] or the sister group to Novaeratitae.[2] The sister group to Notopalaeognathae is Struthionidae (the ostrich family).

Notopalaeognathae
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous – Holocene, 120–0 Ma [1]
Greater rhea (Rhea americana)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Palaeognathae
Clade: Notopalaeognathae
Yuri et. al, 2013
Clades

References
  1. Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In The Timetree of Life, Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411.
  2. Yuri, T.; et al. (2013). "Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals". Biology. MDPI. 2 (1): 419–44. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. PMC 4009869. PMID 24832669.
  3. Phillips MJ, Gibb GC, Crimp EA, Penny D (January 2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.
  5. Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (2014-05-23). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwis are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
  6. Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
  7. Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–8. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.


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