Open Government Partnership

The Open Government Partnership (OGP) is a multilateral initiative that aims to secure concrete commitments from national and sub-national governments to promote open government, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance. In the spirit of multi-stakeholder collaboration, OGP is overseen by a steering committee including representatives of governments and civil society organizations.

Open Government Partnership
AbbreviationOGP
FormationSeptember 20, 2011 (2011-09-20)
FounderBrazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, The Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States
Founded atNew York, United States
HeadquartersWashington, D.C., United States
Location
  • Worldwide
Membership
78 National and 20 Sub-National Entities
CEO
Sanjay Pradhan
Deputy CEO
Joe Powell
Chief, Country Support
Paul Maassen
Chief, IRM
Denisse Miranda
Aidan Eyakuze, Laura Gorrie, María Baron, Mukelani Dimba, Stefano Pizzicannella
Staff (2020)
55
Websitewww.opengovpartnership.org

History

The Open Government Partnership (OGP) was formally launched on September 20, 2011 on the sidelines of a UN General Assembly meeting during which Heads of State from 8 founding governments (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States) endorsed the Open Government Declaration and announced their country action plans along with an equal number of civil society leaders.[1] The eight founding members also welcomed the commitment of 38 governments to join OGP.[2] Since its creation, OGP has resulted in over 2,500 commitments made by 79 participating countries, covering a third of the world's population.[3]

Just six months after its start, OGP had grown from eight action plans and 46 participating countries to 50 action plans and 54 participating countries.[4] The meeting in Brasilia brought together countries and organizations united in their belief in the power of transparency, with participation from anti-censorship campaigners in Yemen to reformers using data on primary schools to improve education in India.[5]

A total of 46 members had already published action plans containing over 300 open government commitments.[6] According to then Minister of the United Kingdom's Cabinet Office responsible for public transparency and open data, Frances Maude, Britain sought to "further secure the foundations of OGP as a globally recognized and respected international initiative…. [and to] strengthen the role of civil society organizations, encouraging greater collaboration with governments to forge more innovative and open ways of working."[6]

In 2013, OGP's thematic goals centered around Citizen Action and Responsive Government. In an era of hyperconnectivity, openness and transparency, as well as citizen participation and collaboration, are increasingly viewed as essential components of good governance.[7]

With the adoption and implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by world leaders at a historic United Nations Summit, including Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 16 for the "promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies," 2015 marked a milestone for the future of development outcomes and open government.[8] In October 2015, the Government of Mexico hosted the third OGP Global Summit in Mexico City emphasizing the theme of "Openness for All: Using the Open Government principles as key mechanisms to implement the post-2015 development agenda."

In early 2016, OGP launched a new pilot program designed to involve sub-national governments more proactively in the initiative.[9] Later in December 2016, the Government of France, in partnership with the World Resources Institute (WRI), hosted the fourth OGP Global Summit in the nation's capital, Paris, gathering 3000 representatives from 70 countries.[10]

Objectives

OGP provides a platform for reformers inside and outside of governments around the world to develop initiatives that promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption and harness new technologies to strengthen governance. OGP aims to secure concrete commitments from national and sub-national governments that drive open government reform and innovation in an effort to push countries further in the areas of transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement.[11] It is a voluntary partnership that countries opt to join and through which civil society organizations, in collaboration with government, can advance initiatives that they deem in line with their reform agendas.

Rather than establish a worldwide transparency ranking of countries, OGP provides support and encouragement to countries around the world as they champion ambitious new reforms and deliver on their promises "under the watchful eyes of citizens,"[5] The community of reformers is meant to "offer support to those in government that are willing and to create a hook whereby the conversations among government and civil societies can occur."[12]

This relationship between government and civil society is the cornerstone of OGP. Governments are expected to actively collaborate with civil society when drafting and implementing country commitments, as well as when reporting on and monitoring efforts.[11] The OGP process requires government to consult with civil society and citizens, and the Independent Reporting Mechanism (IRM) assesses the quality of this consultation.

OGP can serve as a platform to construct a diverse coalition of civil society actors from a variety of disciplines.

The principles of OGP are best explained by the Open Government Declaration. As outlined in the declaration, participating countries are expected to adhere to the following principles:

  • Acknowledge that people all around the world are demanding more openness in government. They are calling for greater civic participation in public affairs, and seeking ways to make their governments more transparent, responsive, accountable, and effective.
  • Recognize that countries are at different stages in their efforts to promote openness in government, and that each of us pursues an approach consistent with our national priorities and circumstances and the aspirations of our citizens.
  • Accept responsibility for seizing this moment to strengthen our commitments to promote transparency, fight corruption, empower citizens, and harness the power of new technologies to make government more effective and accountable.
  • Uphold the value of openness in our engagement with citizens to improve services, manage public resources, promote innovation, and create safer communities. We embrace principles of transparency and open government with a view toward achieving greater prosperity, well-being, and human dignity in our own countries and in an increasingly interconnected world.

OGP participating countries declare their commitment to:

  • Increase the availability of information about governmental activities
  • Support civic participation
  • Implement the highest standards of professional integrity throughout our administrations
  • Increase access to new technologies for openness and accountability

Funding

Funding for OGP comes from participating countries, donors and development partners.

  • Country contributions – In May 2014, it was agreed that all participating governments are expected to contribute towards OGP's budget.[13] Contributions are based on each participating country's income level (according to the World Bank Data).[13] Steering Committee set both minimum and recommended contribution levels. For low income: minimum US$10,000, recommended US$25,000. Lower Middle Income: minimum US$25,000, recommended US$50,000. Upper Middle Income: minimum US$50,000, recommended US$100,000. High Income: minimum US$100,000, recommended US$200,000.
  • Donors – Grants made in 2015 came from Omidyar Network, Department for International Development (Government of the United Kingdom), Hewlett Foundation, Open Society Foundation, and the Ford Foundation.
  • In May 2019, Open Society Foundation announced a potential $10,000,000 funding scheme awarded to OGP with $1,000,000 being awarded in 2020 and an additional $4,000,000 in matching grants within three years if OGP raises $5,000,000 from other partners.[14]

Structure

As a multi-stakeholder initiative, civil society participation is enshrined in OGP's foundational principles and management structures. Governments and civil society play an equally important role in managing the OGP through participation in the steering committee, OGP's executive management body, as well as at the national level.[11]

Steering Committee

The OGP Steering Committee provides guidance and direction at the international level in order to maintain the highest standards for the initiative and ensure its long-term sustainability.[15] It is composed of equal numbers of representatives of governments and civil society organizations. OGP's leadership regularly rotates by appointing a new government co-chair and a new civil society co-chair every year. Incoming government and civil society members of the steering committee are selected by their peers.

Subcommittees

Members of the OGP Steering Committee delegate work to the OGP Subcommittees. There are three subcommittees: 1) Governance and Leadership; 2) Criteria and Standards; and 3) Peer Learning and Exchange. The principle of parity is preserved in the Subcommittees as an equal number of government and civil society representatives serves in each one.

Thematic Working Groups

There are currently six OGP Thematic Working Groups that contribute to peer exchange and learning across the partnership. The ultimate goal is to support the creation and effective implementation of more ambitious open government commitments in the OGP national action plans.

OGP Support Unit

The OGP Support Unit is a small, permanent secretariat that works closely with the steering committee to advance the goals of the OGP. It is designed to maintain institutional memory, manage OGP's external communications, ensure the continuity of organizational relationships with OGP's partners, and support the broader membership.[16] It also serves as a neutral, third-party between governments and civil society organizations, ensuring that OGP maintains a productive balance between the two constituencies.[16]

Independent Reporting Mechanism

Independent Reporting Mechanism (IRM) – The IRM is the key means by which all stakeholders can track OGP progress in participating countries. The IRM produces biannual independent progress reports for each country participating in OGP. Progress reports assess governments on the development and implementation of their OGP action plans, as well as their progress in upholding open government principles. The reports also provide technical recommendations for improvements. These reports are intended to stimulate dialogue and promote accountability between member governments and citizens.

Civil Society Engagement

The Civil Society Engagement (CSE) Team works to broaden, strengthen and engage a strong civil society network to participate in OGP, particularly at the national level. The team supports national civil society actors to help them make better use of the OGP process – including the design, implementation and monitoring of OGP action plans – for achieving their own advocacy objectives.[17]

OGP Local

Launched in 2016 as the sub-national pilot program, OGP Local seeks to extend the principles of OGP to the local level. A total of 15 sub-national governments were selected to participate in the pilot program and, with the support of the OGP Support Unit and steering committee, have developed national action plans in collaboration with civil society. They will actively contribute to peer learning and networking activities with other sub-national governments and, like OGP's member countries, will be assessed by the IRM.[18] The cohort later expanded to 20 before further expansion in October 2020, with 56 new local jurisdictions added to the program.[19]

Open Parliaments

As OGP continued to expand, engagement with legislative institutions also became more prevalent. In some OGP participating countries, open parliament has become a particularly significant part of the push for more open government, although commitments related to parliamentary transparency, public participation, and accountability are not always co-created in the same process as the country's OGP action plan. The open parliament initiative also benefits from strategic collaborations with the Open Parliament e-Network (OPeN), a global consortium of organizations focused on parliamentary engagement. As of 2020, its members are Directorio Legislativo, the Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD), the National Democratic Institute (NDI), ParlAmericas, Red Latinoamericana por la Transparencia Legislativa (RedLTL), and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.[20]

Co-Chairs
Year Government Co-Chair Civil Society Co-Chair
2012–2013 Government of the United Kingdom Warren Krafchik, Senior Vice President, International Budget Partnership (IBP)
2013–2014 Government of Indonesia Rakesh Rajani, Head, Twaweza
2014–2015 Government of Mexico Alexandro Gonzales, Executive Director, GESOC A.C.
2015–2016 Government of South Africa Suneeta Kaimal, Chief Operating Officer, Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI)
2016–2017 Government of France Manish Bapna, Executive Vice President & Managing Director, World Resources Institute (WRI)
2017–2018 Government of Georgia Mukelani Dimba, Executive Director, Open Democracy Advice Centre (ODAC)
2018–2019 Government of Canada Nathaniel Heller, Executive Vice President, Results for Development (R4D)
2019–2020 Government of Argentina Robin Hodess, Director of Governance & Transparency, The B Team
2020–2021 Government of South Korea María Baron, Global Executive Director, Directorio Legislativo

Mechanism

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria – In order to participate in OGP, governments must exhibit a demonstrated commitment to open government in four key areas, as measured by objective indicators and validated by independent experts.[21] The four critical areas of open government: fiscal transparency, access to information, asset disclosure and citizen engagement. Countries can earn a total of 16 points for their performance in these four metrics, or 12 points if they are not measured in one of the metrics. Countries that earn 75% of the applicable points (either 12 out of 16 or 9 out of 12) or more are eligible to join.[21] For an eligible country to join, all that is required is a letter from a ministerial representative indicating agreement with the Open Government Declaration and intent to participate OGP, as well as the leading agency and an individual point of contact for future work.[21]

Co-Creation

Action plan co-creation – OGP participating countries co-create a National Action Plan (NAP) with civil society. The actions plans are "the driving device" for OGP as it is the instrument through which government and civil society develop their agreed reforms, or commitments, every two years.[12] The set of commitments aim to advance transparency, accountability, participation and/or technological innovation. Countries, with the active involvement of civil society, are encouraged to tackle new and ambitious commitments as well as build upon past successes. Effective public consultation process during the development of action plans can help build broad support for commitments with a wider set of actors to rely on for successful implementation.[22] OGP participating countries operate on a two-year action plan calendar cycle, whereby countries are continuously implementing their programs. The government must regularly report on its progress and work with civil society to monitor and achieve the agreed reforms. Progress is evaluated at regular intervals by an independent researcher appointed by the OGP's Independent Reporting Mechanism.

Global Summit

OGP participants gather regularly at regional and global events to share their findings in person and to strengthen international cooperation.[23] The most significant of these events has been the Global Summit, held annually since 2012. At the 2013 Global Summit, the steering committee voted to skip the 2014 Summit and reconvene in 2015.[24] In addition to providing spaces where participating countries and civil society groups could share information in person, OGP wanted to find a way to showcase standout efforts of global transparency leaders.

Year Event Host Dates
2012 The 1st OGP Annual Meeting Brasilia, Brazil April 17–18, 2012[25]
2013 The 2nd OGP Annual Meeting London, United Kingdom October 31 – November 1, 2013[26]
2015 The 3rd OGP Global Summit Mexico City, Mexico October 28–29, 2015[27]
2016 The 4th OGP Global Summit Paris, France December 7–8, 2016[28]
2018 The 5th OGP Global Summit Tbilisi, Georgia July 18–19, 2018[29]
2019 The 6th OGP Global Summit Ottawa, Canada May 29–30, 2019[30]
2021 The 7th OGP Global Summit Seoul, South Korea TBA

Open Government Awards
Year Theme Category Winner
2014[31] Citizen Engagement Gold Awards 1. Denmark for "Statutory Elected Senior Citizens’ Council"

2. Montenegro for "Be Responsible, Zero Grey Economy"

3. Philippines for "Grassroots Participatory Budgeting"

Silver Awards 4. Italy for "OpenCoesione-Monithon"

5. Netherlands for "MijnWOZ: My Law on Appreciating Local Property"

6. United Kingdom for "Sciencewise"

Bronze Awards 7. Mexico for "Centro de Itegracion Ciudadana"

8. Peru for "Children of Miraflores"

9. United States for "Collaboration and Innovation through Prizes, Crowdsourcing, and Citizen Science"

10. France for "data.gouv.fr"

2015[32] Improving Public Services Overall Awards 1. Uruguay for "atuservicio.uy"

2. Indonesia for "The Guiding Lights of the Archipelago"

3. United Kingdom for "Neighborhood Planning"

Regional Awards Africa: Tunisia for "Tunisia Online e-Procurement System"

Americas: Mexico for "Stakeholder Participation in Day Care Center Safety"

Asia-Pacific: Armenia for "Smart Municipality"

Europe: Croatia for "E-Citizens"

Special Recognition Indonesia for "The Guiding Lights of the Archipelago" for how the initiative benefits vulnerable populations
2016 Making Transparency Count Overall Awards 1. Ukraine for "ProZorro: Bringing Government Procurement to the People"

2. Indonesia for "API Pemilu: Improving Access and Understanding of Elections Data"

3. Honduras for "Construction Sector Transparency Initiative Honduras: Better Infrastructure through Transparency"

Regional Awards Africa: Malawi for "Construction Sector Transparency Initiative Malawi: Development through Transparency"

Americas: Mexico for "Budget Transparency Portal: Expenditure Tracking from the Executive to the Streets"

Asia-Pacific: Mongolia for "Check My Service: Closing the Feedback Loop"

Europe: Netherlands for "OpenSpending: Reporting Directly to the Taxpayers"

Special Recognition Ukraine for "ProZorro: Bringing Government Procurement to the People" for the involvement of youth in the project

Criticisms

Azerbaijan

On March 2, 2015, three civil society groups in Azerbaijan submitted a letter detailing concerns about their ability to continue their work in the country. Under the Policy on Upholding the Values and Principles of OGP,[33] also known as the Response Policy, adopted in 2014, on May 18, 2015, a report was completed detailing the steering committee's investigation into such concerns. As it found the concerns valid it also detailed further steps for the OGP to take. Despite working with the country and attempting to find a solution that would work for all parties, on May 4, 2016, Azerbaijan was listed as inactive with the Open Government Partnership. Azerbaijan had been a member of OGP since 2011.[34]

Hungary

On July 9, 2015, representatives of Hungarian civil society submitted a letter requesting the Open Government Partnership's steering committee to take action regarding the behavior and attitude of the Hungarian government, claiming that the government had been active in propagating a smear campaign against civil society organizations, creating a culture detrimental to continued efforts by the country's NGOs.[35] On December 7, 2016, the OGP Steering Committee received a letter from the Government of Hungary announcing its immediate withdrawal from the partnership. The Government of Hungary had been under review by OGP since July 2015 for concerns raised by civil society organizations regarding their space to operate in the country.[36]

Turkey

On May 4, 2016, OGP submitted a resolution to degrade Turkey's membership status as 'inactive' within the coalition, if the government of Turkey does not draft the actionable plan to implement open government policy. The country, under the Presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, has jailed 152 journalists and shut down 174 media outlets so far for various charges, such as defamation and terrorism. The allegations surrounding the country's media crackdown hold that journalists are being targeted for voicing opposition against the president Erdoğan's authority.[37][38] On September 21, 2016, OGP's steering committee approved the resolution, and declared Turkey's membership within the partnership as 'inactive.' Turkey was given a year of probationary period to develop National Action Plan, in consultation with the citizens and civil society, until steering committee proceeds a further review on the country's status. On September 21, 2017, OGP's steering committee withdrew Turkey from the partnership. It was the first time a country was withdrawn by OGP's decision. Hungary and Azerbaijan were withdrawn before Turkey, but the withdrawals were first demanded by each governments, before OGP made the final decision.[39][40] The committee requested the Government of Turkey to publish a National Action Plan again and include citizens and civil society into the process of developing the plan.[41]

Participants

National Governments

The following countries have met the minimum eligibility criteria and have joined the partnership.

  1. Afghanistan
  2. Albania
  3. Argentina
  4. Armenia
  5. Australia
  6. Azerbaijan[42][43] (inactive)
  7. Bosnia and Herzegovina[44] (inactive)
  8. Brazil
  9. Bulgaria
  10. Burkina Faso
  11. Cabo Verde
  12. Canada
  13. Chile
  14. Colombia
  15. Costa Rica
  16. Côte d'Ivoire
  17. Croatia
  18. Czech Republic
  19. Denmark
  20. Dominican Republic
  21. Ecuador
  22. El Salvador
  23. Estonia
  24. Finland
  25. France
  26. Georgia
  27. Germany
  28. Ghana
  29. Greece
  30. Guatemala
  31. Honduras
  32. Indonesia
  33. Ireland
  34. Israel
  35. Italy
  36. Jamaica
  37. Jordan
  38. Kenya
  39. Kyrgyz Republic
  40. Latvia
  41. Liberia
  42. Lithuania
  43. Luxembourg
  44. Malawi
  45. Malta
  46. Mexico
  47. Moldova
  48. Mongolia
  49. Montenegro
  50. Morocco
  51. Netherlands
  52. New Zealand
  53. Nigeria
  54. North Macedonia
  55. Norway
  56. Pakistan
  57. Panama
  58. Papua New Guinea
  59. Paraguay
  60. Peru
  61. Philippines
  62. Portugal
  63. Romania
  64. Senegal
  65. Serbia
  66. Seychelles
  67. Sierra Leone
  68. Slovak Republic
  69. South Africa
  70. South Korea
  71. Spain
  72. Sri Lanka
  73. Sweden
  74. Tunisia
  75. Ukraine
  76. United Kingdom
  77. United States
  78. Uruguay

Local Governments
  1. Austin, Texas, United States
  2. Basque Country, Spain
  3. Bojonegoro, East Java, Indonesia
  4. Buenos Aires, Argentina
  5. Elgeyo-Marekwet, Kenya
  6. Iași, Romania
  7. Jalisco, Mexico
  8. Kaduna State, Nigeria
  9. Kigoma, Tanzania
  10. La Libertad, Peru
  11. Madrid, Spain
  12. Nariño, Colombia
  13. Ontario, Canada
  14. Paris, France
  15. São Paulo, Brazil
  16. Scotland, United Kingdom
  17. Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
  18. Seoul, South Korea
  19. South Cotabato, Philippines
  20. Tbilisi, Georgia

Withdrawn Countries
  1. Hungary[45]
  2. Tanzania[45]
  3. Trinidad and Tobago[46]
  4. Turkey[45]

Eligible Countries

The following countries have demonstrated that they have met the minimum criteria of eligibility and are eligible to join OGP as of June 2020.[47] Trinidad and Tobago was previously a member of OGP already. However, in December 2019, it was withdrawn due to inactivity and failure to submit an action plan.

  1. Austria
  2. Belgium
  3. Bhutan
  4. Ethiopia
  5. Guyana
  6. Iceland
  7. Japan
  8. Madagascar
  9. Mozambique
  10. Nepal
  11. Niger
  12. Poland
  13. Slovenia
  14. Switzerland
  15. Timor-Leste
  16. Trinidad and Tobago

References
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  4. Harge, Jorge (April 10, 2012). "The Open Government Partnership – from eight to 54 countries". The Guardian.
  5. Dudman, Jane (April 16, 2012). "Open Government Partnership: What We're Going to Learn in Brasilia". The Guardian.
  6. Maude, Francis (2012-09-26). "Francis Maude: transparency brings tangible benefits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
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  8. "Sustainable Development Goals," Department of Public Information, United Nations.
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  36. "Hungary (withdrawn), Open Government Partnership. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/country/hungary
  37. Shaheen, Kareem (March 23, 2017). "Revealed: the terror and torment of Turkey's jailed journalists". The Guardian.
  38. "Journalists and media workers are confronting relentless pressure as they do their jobs, a survey of the first six months of incidents reported to Index on Censorship's Mapping Media Freedom project has found". The Index On Censorship. December 2014.
  39. "September 2016: Official response of the Government of Hungary. Response | Open Government Partnership". www.opengovpartnership.org. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  40. "Tanzania (withdrawn) | Open Government Partnership". www.opengovpartnership.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  41. "Turkey (withdrawn) | Open Government Partnership". www.opengovpartnership.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
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  44. "Resolution of the OGP Steering Committee regarding the status of the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina's participation in OGP" (PDF). www.opengovpartnership.org. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
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  46. "Trinidad and Tobago (Withdrawn)". Open Government Partnership. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
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