Pacific giant salamander

The Pacific giant salamanders are members of the genus Dicamptodon and are large salamanders endemic to the Pacific Northwest in North America.

Pacific giant salamanders
Temporal range: Paleocene to recent, 58.7–0 Ma
Dicamptodon tenebrosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Ambystomatidae
Genus: Dicamptodon
Strauch, 1870

Description
Dicamptodon tenebrosus

Individuals may grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long.[1]

While most salamanders are silent, the Pacific giant salamander is one of several salamanders that have vocal abilities. When startled, these salamanders may respond with a croaky-sounding cry similar to that of a barking dog.

Members of this genus can either be terrestrial or aquatic as adults.

Habitat

Pacific Giant Salamanders are semi-aquatic animals[2] that occupy both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They are commonly found in various lotic environments in altitudes ranging from 0 to 7000 feet above sea level in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Aquatic salamander abundance has been shown to increase with increasing rock coverage, and decrease with increasing water velocity, and tend to prefer cold mountain streams and lakes.[3] Pacific Giant Salamanders also utilize terrestrial refuge sites such as decaying wood, underground burrows, or under rocks.[4]

Taxonomy

The genus Dicamptodon was formerly thought to contain two species, Cope's giant salamander (D. copei) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the Pacific giant salamander (D. ensatus) which consisted of three geographic populations, an Idaho isolate, a group in northern California, and a group in Oregon and Washington.[5] In 1989, genetic studies showed D. copei to be a distinct species, and the D. ensatus populations to consist of three species: the Idaho giant salamander (D. aterrimus) in Idaho, and two highly divergent species with a narrow hybrid zone in California, the coastal giant salamander (D. tenebrosus) (ranging from northern California to Washington), and the California giant salamander (D. ensatus) (limited only from Santa Cruz County to Mendocino County in California).[6] The earliest known member of this genus and family is D. antiquus from the Paleocene of Alberta.[7]

Extant species
ImageScientific nameCommon NameDistribution
Dicamptodon aterrimusIdaho giant salamanderforested watersheds from lake Coeur d’Alene to the Salmon River, and in two locations in Montana around Mineral County, Idaho
Dicamptodon copeiCope's giant salamanderOlympic Peninsula to northern Oregon
Dicamptodon ensatusCalifornia giant salamanderNorthern California
Dicamptodon tenebrosusCoastal giant salamanderNorthern California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia.

References
  1. Frost, Darrel R., Grant, Taran, Faivovich, Julián, Bain, Raoul H, Haas, Alexander, Haddad, Celio F. B, De Sa, Rafael O, Channing, A, Wilkinson, Mark, Donnellan, Stephen C, Raxworthy, Christopher J., Campbell, Jonathan A., Blotto, Boris L., Moler, Paul., Drewes, Robert C., Nussbaum, Ronald A., Lynch, John D., Green, David M., Wheeler, Ward C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the AMNH; no. 297 (http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5781/1/B297.pdf)
  2. "Pacific Giant Salamander | Oregon Wild". oregonwild.org. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  3. "Pacific Giant Salamander". Burke Museum. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  4. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Coastal Giant Salamander (Rep.). (2014). Retrieved November 17, 2020, from Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada website: https://sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Coastal%20Giant%20Salamander%20_2014_e.pdf
  5. Ronald A. Nussbaum (1976-04-23). "Geographic variation and systematics of salamanders of the genus Dicamptodon Strauch (Ambystomatidae)" (PDF). Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, No. 149. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
  6. David A. Goode (July 1989). "Hybridization and Cryptic Species in Dicamptodon (Caudata: dicamptodontidae)". Evolution. 43 (4): 728–744. doi:10.2307/2409302. JSTOR 2409302. PMID 28564189.
  7. "Fossilworks: Dicamptodon". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
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