Palmyra offensive (March 2016)

On 9 March 2016, heavy Russian airstrikes started hitting the Palmyra area, with 32 ISIL fighters reported killed by the next day.[41] As of 14 March, 80 airstrikes and 200 rockets and artillery shells had hit the city.[42] The Syrian Arab Army's Central Command stated their next aim after eventually capturing Palmyra would be Deir ez-Zor.[43]

Major ground fighting started on 12 March, when the Syrian Army attacked the village of Al-Dawah, west of Palmyra,[23] while the next day they assaulted Jabal Qassoun mountain, where Palmyra Castle is located.[44] In all, the military's attack was directed against three flanks of Palmyra in an attempt to surround the city.[45] In preparation for the offensive, ISIL built strong defenses in the city and trenches around it.[46]

On 14 March, the military captured Hill 800 and Hill 853, which are part of Jabal Hayyan mountain, southwest of Palmyra,[6][47] while the ISIL emir of the city, Khalil Mohameed, was reportedly killed when a rocket hit his headquarters.[22]

On 15 March, government forces fully secured Jabal Hayyan mountain,[48] after capturing Hill 900.[46] The advance brought the military to within four kilometers west and south of Palmyra.[49] Elsewhere, fighting continued in Al-Dawah, while Army units were also attempting to advance towards the Brigade 550 Base.[23] Meanwhile, Russian airstrikes on the road between Palmyra and Al-Sukhnah left 26 people dead.[50]

On 17 March, ISIL took advantage of a sandstorm and launched a counter-attack[46] against Point 939 and the Jabal Hayyan mountain, though the Army repelled the assault.[5] Later that day, Syrian Marines from the Latakia Governorate and Hezbollah fighters were sent as reinforcements to Palmyra to strengthen the government forces for the assault on the city.[7] ISIL also sent reinforcements.[46] The same day, a Russian Special Operations Forces operative, Sen. Lt. Alexander Prokhorenko, responsible for performing target acquisition for designated Russian airstrikes was killed when he ordered an airstrike on himself after being surrounded by ISIL fighters. Prokhorenko's death garnered international media attention and was hailed as a hero.[20]

Palmyra Castle.

The following day, the SAA seized the Tal Mattar hilltop, close to the Palmyra Castle,[51] after which they continued to advance, capturing Tal Areen hill.[52] Concurrently with the Syrian Army ground offensive, Russia was conducting 20–25 airstrikes daily on ISIL positions in and around Palmyra. ISIL claimed to have killed six Syrian soldiers, five Russian soldiers and several Hezbollah fighters in the defense of Qasr al-Halabat west of Palmyra. An ISIL website released a video showing the body of a man in military gear, described as a Russian military advisor, with equipment including a customised AK-74M rifle, a helmet, a compass and a pack of bandages with instructions written in Russian. The body, however, was possibly one of the few ethnic-Russian PMC's from the "Wagner Group" killed or reported missing around the Palmyra suburbs. On 17 March, PMC Vadim Tumakov was confirmed killed by fighting in Palmyra.[32][31]

On 20 March, the SAA captured two hills overlooking the Ithriyah–Palmyra highway, cutting off of one of ISIL's main supply routes to the city.[53] The next day, the SAA made more advances,[54] as they assaulted the Jabal Al-Tar hilltop.[55] 26 Syrian Marines, including their commander Ali Rahmoun, were killed during the day's clashes.[13] 17 of the Marines died as a result of a friendly fire accident when they were hit with a Russian missile. Another 26 were wounded.[14] Meanwhile, IRGC advisors and Liwa Fatemiyoun units arrived as another wave of pro-government reinforcements.[4]

On 21 March, a large convoy of reinforcements from the NDF units of Fouj Al-Joulan and Liwaa Suqour Al-Quneitra arrived at the western countryside of Palmyra, raising the number of pro-government forces in the area to more than 6,000.[27] The next evening, government advances continued with the support of 50 airstrikes[56] and the Army seized the Palmyra Triangle road junction.[57][58][59] Subsequently, around 120 explosives were cleared from the Triangle area.[60]

As of 23 March, the military was within one or two kilometers of the city on the south side and five kilometers on the west side,[60][61] as they reached the outskirts of Palmyra,[62] after seizing the al-Hayal mountain range,[63] including its hills that overlook the town.[64] A soldier stated on state TV that they expected to capture the city within hours.[60]

Syrian Army soldiers after the battle.

The following day, the Army was one kilometer from the town and facing stiff resistance as it tried to penetrate the city limits.[65] They attacked the strategic Semiramis Hotel, on the outskirts of Palmyra, approaching to within 70 meters of the hotel.[66] Fighting also reached the edge of the southwestern al-Gharf neighbourhood. As the clashes raged, ISIL urged civilians through loudspeakers to leave the city.[67] In the afternoon, government forces managed to fully capture the Semiramis Hotel,[68] as well as Muhtar Mount, Al-Zera'a roundabout, Al-Tar Mountain, the Tombs Valley and the Mozeh Palace,[69][70] a luxury villa which ISIL used as a headquarters and previously belonged to the House of Thani (the Qatari Royal family). In the evening, the Army entered the first houses in the southwestern part of Palmyra.[70]

On the morning of 25 March, pro-government forces took control of several hilltops on the western and northwestern side of Palmyra, including near Palmyra Castle.[71] Later that day, the castle itself was captured,[72][73][74] as well as reportedly the Brigade 550 Base.[75] Government forces were also reported to have reached the Palmyra Prison, after seizing most of the Palmyra Orchards[76] and the city's airbase.[77] Fighting also raged at the archaeological sites where government force's progress was slow due to the lack of artillery support for the sake of protecting the ruins.[78] At this point, ISIL forces started withdrawing their equipment from Palmyra and planting land mines.[72]

On 26 March, state TV reported the military captured three neighborhoods inside Palmyra,[79] including the northern district of Al-Amiriya, as well as the neighborhoods of Mutaqa'ideen and Al-Jami'a.[80] The opposition activist group the SOHR confirmed the capture of Al-Amiriya,[81] but stated the other two neighborhoods were still being contested, with ISIL conducting counter-attacks with car-bombs against advancing government forces.[82] Most apartment blocks in the city's residential area were damaged by the fighting and several had completely collapsed.[83] Later, SOHR confirmed the capture of Mutaqa'ideen and Al-Jami'a and reported government troops secured 35% of the city, while ISIL fighters were retreating towards the Al-Sukhnah area, east of Palmyra.[84][85][86]

On the dawn of 27 March, the city was fully captured by the SAA after ISIL defenses collapsed.[1][3] Sporadic fighting continued in the eastern outskirts of Palmyra between government forces and ISIL fighters who refused to retreat,[87] concentrated at the prison and the airbase.[88] However, most of ISIL's forces had withdrawn to the east.[89] Later in the day, the prison and the airbase were captured as the remaining 30 ISIL militants fought to the death.[90]