Pancreatectomy

In medicine, a pancreatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas. Several types of pancreatectomy exist, including pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), distal pancreatectomy, segmental pancreatectomy, and total pancreatectomy. In recent years, the TP-IAT (Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation[1][2]) has also gained respectable traction within the medical community. These procedures are used in the management of several conditions involving the pancreas, such as benign pancreatic tumors, pancreatic cancer, and pancreatitis.

Pancreatectomy
Diagram showing the area removed for a total pancreatectomy
ICD-9-CM52.5-52.6
MeSHD010180
OPS-301 code5-524-5-525

Indications

It is performed for a variety of reasons, including:

Types

The most common surgical procedure involving removal of a portion of the pancreas is called a pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Diagram showing how the bowel is joined back together after a total pancreatectomy

Among common consequences of complete or nearly complete pancreatectomy are deficiencies of pancreatic endocrine or exocrine function requiring replacement of insulin or digestive enzymes. The patient immediately develops type 1 diabetes, with little hope for future type 1 diabetes treatments involving the restoration of endocrine function to a damaged pancreas, since the pancreas is either partially or completely absent. Type 1 diabetes can be treated with careful blood glucose monitoring and insulin therapy. Because the pancreas is responsible for the production of many digestive enzymes, a pancreatectomy should only be given as an option for pancreatic disease which is life-threatening, such as pancreatic cancers. It is very important to note that even after a pancreatectomy, pain still exists in most patients.

A distal pancreatectomy is removal of the body and tail of the pancreas.

Prognosis

After a total pancreatectomy, the body no longer produces its own insulin or pancreatic enzymes, so patients have to take insulin and enzyme supplements. Those who were not already diabetic become so. Glycemic control is challenging even for relatively young and healthy apancreatic people, owing to the digestive challenges of not having endogenous insulin and pancreatic enzymes under autonomic control. It can be insurmountably challenging depending on age and comorbidities. But overall, quality of life in patients after total pancreatectomy is comparable with quality of life in patients who undergo a partial pancreatic resection.[3]

An experimental procedure called islet cell transplantation exists to help mediate the loss of endocrine function following total pancreatectomy.[4]

See also

References
  1. McEachron, Kendall R.; Bellin, Melena D. (September 2018). "Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantion for chronic and recurrent acute pancreatitis". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 34 (5): 367–373. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000458. ISSN 0267-1379.
  2. Golden, Megan (2019-04-30). "Will Pancreas Surgery Cure My Pancreatitis? Doctors Explain TPIAT". Mission: Cure. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  3. Epelboym, I; et al. (2014), "Quality of life in patients after total pancreatectomy is comparable with quality of life in patients who undergo a partial pancreatic resection", Journal of Surgical Research, 187 (1): 189–196, doi:10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.004, PMID 24411300.
  4. Common Signs of Pancreatic Cancer
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