Parliamentary procedure

Parliamentary procedure is the body of ethics, rules, and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies, and other deliberative assemblies.

"Parliamentary Practice" redirects here. For the British Parliamentary rule book, see Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice.
A gavel often symbolizes parliamentary procedure.

In the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and other English-speaking countries it is often called chairmanship, chairing, the law of meetings, procedure at meetings or the conduct of meetings. In the United States, parliamentary procedure is also referred to as parliamentary law, parliamentary practice, legislative procedure or rules of order.

At its heart is the rule of the majority with respect for the minority. Its object is to allow deliberation upon questions of interest to the organization and to arrive at the sense or the will of the assembly upon these questions.[1] Self-governing organizations follow parliamentary procedure to debate and reach group decisions—usually by vote—with the least possible friction.

Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself (often referred to as bylaws), but also usually supplemented by a published parliamentary authority adopted by the body. Typically, national, state/provincial and other full-scale legislative assemblies have extensive internally written rules of order, whereas non-legislative bodies write and adopt a limited set of specific rules as the need arises.

History
Main article: History of parliamentary procedure

The term gets its name from its use in the parliamentary system of government.[2]

In the 16th and 17th century, there were rules of order in the early parliaments of England.[3] In the 1560s Sir Thomas Smyth began the process of writing down accepted procedures and published a book about them for the House of Commons in 1583.[3] Early rules included

  • One subject should be discussed at a time (adopted 1581)[3][4]
  • Personal attacks are to be avoided in debate (1604)[3]
  • Debate must be limited to the merits of the question (1610)[3]
  • Division of a question when some seem to be for one part but not the other (1640)[3]

Westminster procedures

The Westminster parliamentary procedures are followed in several Commonwealth countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa.

In Canada, for example, the House of Commons uses House of Commons Procedure and Practice as its primary procedural authority. Others include Arthur Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, Sir John George Bourinot's Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada, and Erskine May's The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament from Britain.[5]

American procedures

The rules of the United States Congress were developed from the parliamentary procedures used in Britain.[6] The American parliamentary procedures are followed in many nations, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico and South Korea.

Other

The procedures of the Diet of Japan have moved away from the British parliamentary model. In Occupied Japan, there were efforts to bring Japanese parliamentary procedures more in line with American congressional practices.[7] In Japan, informal negotiations are more important than formal procedures.[8]

Written codes of rules govern in Italy the life of the Houses of the Parliament: the Constitutional Court is judge on the limits beyond which these regulations cannot go, exceeding the parliamentary or political function (judgement n. 120 of 2014),[9] and on their bad application when a law is passed through.[10]

Parliamentary authority usage patterns
Main articles: Parliamentary authority and Principles of parliamentary procedure

Parliamentary procedure is based on the principles of allowing the majority to make decisions effectively and efficiently (majority rule), while ensuring fairness towards the minority and giving each member or delegate the right to voice an opinion.[11] Voting determines the will of the assembly. While each assembly may create their own set of rules, these sets tend to be more alike than different. A common practice is to adopt a standard reference book on parliamentary procedure and modify it through special rules of order that supersede the adopted authority.

A parliamentary structure conducts business through motions, which cause actions. Members bring business before the assembly by introducing main motions, or dispose of this business through subsidiary motions and incidental motions. Parliamentary procedure also allows for rules in regards to nomination, voting, disciplinary action, appeals, dues, and the drafting of organization charters, constitutions, and bylaws.

Organizations and civic groups

The most common procedural authority in use in the United States is Robert's Rules of Order.[12] Other authorities include The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (used by some medical and library organizations) [13] and Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure.[14]

A common text in use in the UK, particularly within trade unions, is Lord Citrine's ABC of Chairmanship.

In English-speaking Canada, popular authorities include Kerr & King's Procedures for Meeting and Organizations. The Conservative Party of Canada uses Wainberg's Society meetings including rules of order to run its internal affairs.

In French-speaking Canada, commonly used rules of order for ordinary societies include Victor Morin's Procédures des assemblées délibérantes (commonly known as the Code Morin)[15] and the Code CSN.

Legislatures

Legislative assemblies in all countries, because of their nature, tend to have a specialized set of rules that differ from parliamentary procedure used by clubs and organizations.

In the United Kingdom, Thomas Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament (often referred to simply as Erskine May) is the accepted authority on the powers and procedures of the Westminster parliament. There are also the Standing Orders for each House.[16]

Of the 99 state legislative chambers in the United States (two for each state except Nebraska, which has a unicameral legislature), Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure governs parliamentary procedures in 70; Jefferson's Manual governs 13, and Robert's Rules of Order governs four.[17] The United States Senate follows the Standing Rules of the United States Senate, while the United States House of Representatives follows Jefferson's Manual.

Mason's Manual, originally written by constitutional scholar and former California Senate staff member Paul Mason in 1935, and since his death revised and published by the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), governs legislative procedures in instances where the state constitution, state statutes, and the chamber's rules are silent.[18][19][20]

According to the NCSL,[19] one of the many reasons that most state legislatures use Mason's Manual instead of Robert's Rules of Order is that Robert's Rules applies best to private organizations and civic groups that do not meet in daily public sessions. Mason's Manual, however, is geared specifically toward state legislative bodies.

Parliamentarians
Main article: Parliamentarian (consultant)

In the United States, individuals who are proficient in parliamentary procedure are called parliamentarians (in other English-speaking countries with parliamentary forms of government, "parliamentarian" refers to a member of Parliament).

Several organizations offer certification programs for parliamentarians, including the National Association of Parliamentarians and American Institute of Parliamentarians. Agriculture teachers who coach teams in the National FFA Organization (formerly Future Farmers of America) parliamentary procedure contest can earn the title Accredited Parliamentarian (AP). Parliamentarians perform an important role in many meetings, including counseling organizations on parliamentary law, holding elections, or writing amendments to the constitution and bylaws of an organization.

See also

References
  1. Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. l. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
  2. Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-306-82019-9.
  3. Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. xxxiii–xxxiv. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
  4. Slater, Victor Louis. (2002). The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook, p. 72.
  5. Government, Canadian (2011). "Parliamentary Procedure – General Article – Compendium of Procedure Home – House of Commons. Canada". parl.gc.ca. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  6. Jefferson, Thomas. (1820). A manual of parliamentary practice for the use of the Senate of the United States, p. vi.
  7. Reischauer, Edwin O. and Marius B. Jansen. (1977). The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity, p. 250.
  8. Mulgan, Aurelia George. (2000). The Politics of Agriculture in Japan, p. 292.
  9. The "functionalist" criterion (set by the Bill, on the initiative of Senator Maritati: Bill n. 1560/XVI) identified – inside parliamentary Institutions – acts of political bodies which, on the one hand, are not linked to the functions (legislative, political address or inspection) but which, on the other hand, are not classified as high-level administration: Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). "Il nodo dell'autodichia da Ponzio a Pilato". Golem informazione.  – via Questia (subscription required)
  10. (in Italian) G. Buonomo e M. Cerase, La Corte costituzionale ancora irrisolta sul ricorso delle minoranze parlamentari (ord. n. 17/2019), Forum di Quaderni costituzionali, 13 febbraio 2019.
  11. Robert 2011, p. li
  12. Sylvester, Nancy. "The New Version of Robert's and Why You Should Care". Retrieved 2015-12-05. Since approximately 95% of the organizations in the U.S. prescribe Robert’s as their parliamentary authority, the 11th edition is most likely the parliamentary authority for all organizations you are involved in.
  13. Slaughter, Jim (2012). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Parliamentary Procedure Fast-Track. New York, IN: Alpha. p. 2. ISBN 161564220X.
  14. Slaughter, Jim; Ragsdale, Gaut; Ericson, Jon (2012). Notes and Comments on Robert’s Rules, Fourth Edition. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0809332159. Archived from the original on 2014-06-16.
  15. Code Morin at University of Victoria; retrieved 2013-1-13.
  16. "Standing Orders - Glossary page". UK Parliament.
  17. Using Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure: The Advantages to Legislative Bodies, National Conference of State Legislatures.
  18. See, for example, Standing Rules of the California Assembly, in HR 1, 2007-08 Regular Session.
  19. National Conference of State Legislatures web site
  20. National Conference of State Legislatures (2000). Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure. Denver, CO: NCSL. ISBN 1-58024-116-6.
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