Penaeus monodon

Penaeus monodon was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. That name was overlooked for a long time, until 1949 when Lipke Holthuis clarified to which species it referred.[7] Holthuis also showed that P. monodon had to be the type species of the genus Penaeus.[7]

Females can reach about 33 cm (13 in) long, but are typically 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and weigh 200–320 g (7–11 oz); males are slightly smaller at 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long and weighing 100–170 g (3.5–6.0 oz).[1] The carapace and abdomen are transversely banded with alternative red and white. The antennae are grayish brown. Brown pereiopods and pleopods are present with fringing setae in red.[8]

Its natural distribution is the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as far as Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and northern Australia.[9]

It is an invasive species in the northern waters of the Gulf of Mexico[4] and the Atlantic Ocean off the southern US.[10]

P. monodon are suited to inhabit a multitude of places.[14] They mainly occur in Southeastern Asia, but are widely found.[14] Juvenile P. monodon are generally found in sandy estuaries and mangroves, and upon adulthood they move to deeper waters (0- 110 meters) and live on muddy or rocky bottoms.[15] The P. monodon has shown to be nocturnal in the wild, burrowing into substrate during the day coming out at night to feed.[16] P. monodon typically feed on detritus, polychaete worms, mollusks, and small crustaceans.[16][17] They feed on algae as well. Due to their nutrient-rich diet, P. monodon are unable to consume phytoplankton because of their feeding appendages, but they are able to consume senescent phytoplankton.[18] They also commence mating at night and can produce around 800,000 eggs.[14]

P. monodon is the second-most widely cultured prawn species in the world, after only whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In 2009, 770,000 tonnes were produced, with a total value of US$3,650,000,000.[1] P. monodon makes up nearly fifty percent of cultured shrimp alone.[19]

The prawn is popular to culture because of its tolerance to salinity and very quick growth rate.[11] However, they are very vulnerable to fungal, viral, and bacterial infections.[20] Diseases such as white spot disease and yellowhead disease have led to a great economic impact in shrimp industries around the globe.[21] They can receive transmitted diseases from other crustaceans such as the Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), who is susceptible to yellowhead disease and has shown to transmit it to P. monodon in places like Thailand.[22]

P. monodon has been farmed throughout the world including areas such as West Africa, Hawaii, Tahiti and England.[12] For optimal growth, P. monodon is raised in waters between 28°C and 33°C. Characteristically for the Penaeus genus, P. monodon has a natural ability to survive and grow in a wide range of salinity, though the optimal salinity for the prawn is around 15-25 ppt.[23] While in a farm setting the shrimp are typically fed a compound diet which is produced in dried pellets.[17] By mixing the diet to have compound feeds and fresh feed, P. monodon showed to have better reproductive performance.[17]

In 2010, Greenpeace added Penaeus monodon to its seafood red list – "a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries". The reasons given by Greenpeace was "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, over-fishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms, and significant human rights abuses".[24]

In an effort to understand whether DNA repair processes can protect crustaceans against infection, basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by P. monodon.[25] It was found that repair of DNA double-strand breaks is predominantly carried out by accurate homologous recombinational repair. Another less accurate process, microhomology-mediated end joining is also used to repair such breaks.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penaeus monodon.

• Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the giant freshwater prawn