Whiteleg shrimp

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei), also known as Pacific white shrimp or King prawn, is a variety of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food.

Litopenaeus vannamei
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Penaeidae
Genus: Litopenaeus
Species:
L. vannamei
Binomial name
Litopenaeus vannamei
(Boone, 1931) [1]
Synonyms

Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931

Description

L. vannamei grows to a maximum length of 230 mm (9.1 in), with a carapace length of 90 mm (3.5 in).[2] Adults live in the ocean, at depths to 72 m (236 ft), while juveniles live in estuaries.[2] The rostrum is moderately long, with 7–10 teeth on the dorsal side and two to four teeth on the ventral side.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Whiteleg shrimp are native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Mexican state of Sonora to as far south as northern Peru.[2] It is restricted to areas where the water temperatures remain above 20 °C (68 °F) throughout the year.[3]

Fishery and aquaculture

During the 20th century, L. vannamei was an important species for Mexican inshore fishermen, as well as for trawlers further offshore.[2] In the late 20th century, the wild fishery was overtaken by the use of aquaculture; this began in 1973 in Florida using prawns captured in Panama.[3] In Latin America, the culture of L. vannamei showed peaks of production during the warm El Niño years, and reduced production during the cooler La Niña years, due to the effects of disease.[3] Production of L. vannamei is limited by its susceptibility to various diseases, including white spot syndrome, Taura syndrome, infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis, baculoviral midgut gland necrosis, and Vibrio infections.[3] By 2004, global production of L. vannamei approached 1,116,000 t, and exceeded that of Penaeus monodon.[3]

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the whiteleg shrimp to its seafood red list. This lists fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.[4] The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, overfishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply shrimp farms, and significant human rights abuses".[4] Whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, production was 53% of the total production of farmed crustaceans in 2016 globally.[5]


See also

References
  1. "Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  2. "Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)". Species Fact Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  3. "Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)". Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  4. Greenpeace International Seafood Red list
  5. "World Review", The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, UN, 2018-07-23, pp. 1–83, doi:10.18356/eeca78e4-en, ISBN 9789210472340
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