Podocyte

Podocytes are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocytes make up the epithelial lining of Bowman's capsule, the third layer through which filtration of blood takes place.[1] The Bowman's capsule filters the blood, retaining large molecules such as proteins while smaller molecules such as water, salts, and sugars are filtered as the first step in the formation of urine. Although various viscera have epithelial layers, the name visceral epithelial cells usually refers specifically to podocytes, which are specialized epithelial cells that reside in the visceral layer of the capsule.

Podocyte
Renal corpuscle structure
Blood flows in the afferent arteriole at the top, and out the efferent arteriole at the bottom. Blood flows through the capillaries of the glomerulus, where it is filtered by pressure. The podocytes (green) are wrapped around the capillaries. Blood is filtered through the slit diaphragm (or filtration slit), between the feet or processes of the podocytes. The filtered blood passes out the proximal tubule (yellow) on the right.
Details
PrecursorIntermediate mesoderm
LocationBowman's capsule of the kidney
Identifiers
Latinpodocytus
MeSHD050199
Anatomical terms of microanatomy

The podocytes have long foot processes called pedicels, for which the cells are named (podo- + -cyte). The pedicels wrap around the capillaries and leave slits between them. Blood is filtered through these slits, each known as a filtration slit or slit diaphragm or slit pore.[2] Several proteins are required for the pedicels to wrap around the capillaries and function. When infants are born with certain defects in these proteins, such as nephrin and CD2AP, their kidneys cannot function. People have variations in these proteins, and some variations may predispose them to kidney failure later in life. Nephrin is a zipper-like protein that forms the slit diaphragm, with spaces between the teeth of the zipper, big enough to allow sugar and water through, but too small to allow proteins through. Nephrin defects are responsible for congenital kidney failure. CD2AP regulates the podocyte cytoskeleton and stabilizes the slit diaphragm.[3][4]

Structure
Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney

Podocytes are found lining the Bowman's capsules in the nephrons of the kidney. The foot processes known as pedicels that extend from the podocytes wrap themselves around the capillaries of the glomerulus to form the filtration slits. The pedicels increase the surface area of the cells enabling efficient ultrafiltration.[5]

Podocytes secrete and maintain the basement membrane.[2]

There are numerous coated vesicles and coated pits along the basolateral domain of the podocytes which indicate a high rate of vesicular traffic.

Podocytes possess a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi apparatus, indicative of a high capacity for protein synthesis and post-translational modifications.

There is also growing evidence of a large number of multivesicular bodies and other lysosomal components seen in these cells, indicating a high endocytic activity.

Function
Scheme of filtration barrier (blood-urine) in the kidney.
A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. pore (fenestra).
B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural protein 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragma

Podocytes have primary processes called trabeculae, which wrap around the glomerular capillaries.[6] The trabeculae in turn have secondary processes called pedicels.[6] Pedicels interdigitate, thereby giving rise to thin gaps called filtration slits.[2] The slits are covered by slit diaphragms which are composed of a number of cell-surface proteins including nephrin, podocalyxin, and P-cadherin, which restrict the passage of large macromolecules such as serum albumin and gamma globulin and ensure that they remain in the bloodstream.[7] Proteins that are required for the correct function of the slit diaphragm include nephrin,[8] NEPH1, NEPH2,[9] podocin, CD2AP.[10] and FAT1.[11]

Small molecules such as water, glucose, and ionic salts are able to pass through the filtration slits and form an ultrafiltrate in the tubular fluid, which is further processed by the nephron to produce urine.

Podocytes are also involved in regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). When podocytes contract, they cause closure of filtration slits. This decreases the GFR by reducing the surface area available for filtration.

Clinical significance
Pedicels of podocytes interdigitating to create numerous filtration slits around glomerular capillaries in 5000x electron micrograph

A loss of the foot processes of the podocytes (i.e., podocyte effacement) is a hallmark of minimal change disease, which has therefore sometimes been called foot process disease.[12]

Disruption of the filtration slits or destruction of the podocytes can lead to massive proteinuria, where large amounts of protein are lost from the blood.

An example of this occurs in the congenital disorder Finnish-type nephrosis, which is characterised by neonatal proteinuria leading to end-stage kidney failure. This disease has been found to be caused by a mutation in the nephrin gene.

Presence of podocytes in urine has been proposed as an early diagnostic marker for preeclampsia.[13]

See also

References
  1. "Podocyte" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. Lote, Christopher J. Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition. Springer. p. 34.
  3. Wickelgren, I. (1999). "CELL BIOLOGY: First Components Found for Key Kidney Filter". Science. 286 (5438): 225–6. doi:10.1126/science.286.5438.225. PMID 10577188. S2CID 43237744.
  4. Löwik MM, Groenen PJ, Levtchenko EN, Monnens LA, van den Heuvel LP (November 2009). "Molecular genetic analysis of podocyte genes in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis—a review". Eur. J. Pediatr. 168 (11): 1291–304. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1017-x. PMC 2745545. PMID 19562370.
  5. Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 7/7ch04/7ch04p08". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
  6. Ovalle, William K.; Nahirney, Patrick C. (28 February 2013). Netter's Essential Histology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455703074. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  7. Jarad, G.; Miner, J. H. (2009). "Update on the glomerular filtration barrier". Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 18 (3): 226–232. doi:10.1097/mnh.0b013e3283296044. PMC 2895306. PMID 19374010.
  8. Wartiovaara, J.; Ofverstedt, L. G. R.; Khoshnoodi, J.; Zhang, J.; Mäkelä, E.; Sandin, S.; Ruotsalainen, V.; Cheng, R. H.; Jalanko, H.; Skoglund, U.; Tryggvason, K. (2004). "Nephrin strands contribute to a porous slit diaphragm scaffold as revealed by electron tomography". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114 (10): 1475–1483. doi:10.1172/JCI22562. PMC 525744. PMID 15545998.
  9. Neumann-Haefelin, E.; Kramer-Zucker, A.; Slanchev, K.; Hartleben, B.; Noutsou, F.; Martin, K.; Wanner, N.; Ritter, A.; Gödel, M.; Pagel, P.; Fu, X.; Müller, A.; Baumeister, R.; Walz, G.; Huber, T. B. (2010). "A model organism approach: Defining the role of Neph proteins as regulators of neuron and kidney morphogenesis". Human Molecular Genetics. 19 (12): 2347–2359. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq108. PMID 20233749.
  10. Fukasawa, H.; Bornheimer, S.; Kudlicka, K.; Farquhar, M. G. (2009). "Slit Diaphragms Contain Tight Junction Proteins". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 20 (7): 1491–1503. doi:10.1681/ASN.2008101117. PMC 2709684. PMID 19478094.
  11. Ciani L; Patel A; Allen ND; ffrench-Constant C. (2003). "Mice lacking the giant protocadherin mFAT1 exhibit renal slit junction abnormalities and a partially penetrant cyclopia and anophthalmia phenotype". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (10): 3575–82. doi:10.1128/mcb.23.10.3575-3582.2003. PMC 164754. PMID 12724416.
  12. Ciani L; Massella L; Ruggiero B; Emma F (2017). "Minimal Change Disease". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (2): 332–345. doi:10.2215/CJN.05000516. PMC 5293332. PMID 27940460.
  13. Konieczny, A; Ryba, M; Wartacz, J; Czyżewska-Buczyńska, A; Hruby, Z; Witkiewicz, W (2013). "Podocytes in urine, a novel biomarker of preeclampsia?" (PDF). Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 22 (2): 145–9. PMID 23709369.
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