Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

Prince Albert William Henry of Prussia (German: Albert Wilhelm Heinrich; 14 August 1862 – 20 April 1929) was a younger brother of German Emperor William II and a Prince of Prussia. He was also a grandson of Queen Victoria. A career naval officer, he held various commands in the Imperial German Navy and eventually rose to the rank of Grand Admiral and Generalinspekteur der Marine.

For the brother of King Frederick II of Prussia, see Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802). For the brother of King Frederick William II of Prussia, see Prince Henry of Prussia (1747–1767).
Prince Henry
Born(1862-08-14)August 14, 1862
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
DiedApril 20, 1929(1929-04-20) (aged 66)
Schloss Hemmelmark, Barkelsby, Schleswig-Holstein, Weimar Republic
Burial24 April 1929
Schloss Hemmelmark, Barkelsby, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Spouse
IssuePrince Waldemar
Prince Sigismund
Prince Henry
Full name
German: Albert Wilhelm Heinrich
English: Albert William Henry
HouseHohenzollern
FatherFrederick III, German Emperor
MotherVictoria, Princess Royal
Military career
Service/branch Imperial German Navy
Years of service1872–1919
RankGroßadmiral (grand admiral)
Commands held
  • Commander of the Baltic Naval Station
  • Commander of the High Seas Fleet
  • Inspector General of the Navy
  • Commander of Chief of Baltic Naval Forces
Awards
Prussian Royalty
House of Hohenzollern
Frederick III
Children
Wilhelm II
Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
Prince Henry
Prince Sigismund
Princess Viktoria
Prince Waldemar
Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes
Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
Grandchildren
Prince Waldemar
Prince Sigismund
Prince Heinrich
Great Grandchildren
Princess Barbara
Prince Alfred

Biography

Born in Berlin, Prince Henry was the third child and second son of eight children born to Crown Prince Frederick (later Emperor Frederick III), and Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (later Empress Victoria and in widowhood Empress Frederick), eldest daughter of the British Queen Victoria. Henry was three years younger than his brother, the future Emperor William II (born 27 January 1859). He was born on the same day as King Frederick William I "Soldier-King" of Prussia.

After attending the gymnasium in Kassel, which he left in the middle grades in 1877, the 15-year-old Henry entered the Imperial Navy cadet program. His naval education included a two-year voyage around the world (1878 to 1880), the naval officer examination (Seeoffizierhauptprüfung) in October 1880, and attending the German naval academy (1884 to 1886).

Prince Henry of Prussia visiting Hawaii in 1879

Early commands

As an imperial prince, Henry quickly achieved command. In 1887, he commanded a torpedo boat and simultaneously the First Torpedo Boat Division; in 1888 the Imperial yacht SMY Hohenzollern; from 1889 to 1890 the second-class cruiser SMS Irene, the armored coastal defense ship SMS Beowulf, and the capital ships SMS Sachsen and SMS Wörth.

Squadron commands

From 1897, Prince Henry commanded several naval task forces; these included an improvised squadron that took part with the East Asia Squadron in consolidating and securing the German hold on the region of Kiaochow and the port of Tsingtao in 1898. The prince’s success was more of the diplomatic than the military variety; he became the first European potentate ever to be received at the Chinese imperial court. In 1899 he became officially the commander of the East Asia Squadron, later of a capital-ship squadron and in 1903 commander of the Baltic Sea naval station. From 1906 to 1909, Henry was commander of the High Seas Fleet. In 1909, he was promoted to Grand Admiral.

World War I
Prinz Heinrich von Preußen in Santiago de Chile Anfang April 1914 anläßlich des Besuchs der Detachierten Division der Kaiserlichen Marine in Chile
A portrait of Prince Henry of Prussia

At the beginning of World War I, Prince Henry was named Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic Fleet. Although the means provided to him were far inferior to Russia's Baltic Fleet, he succeeded, until the 1917 Revolution, in putting Russian naval forces far on the defensive and hindered them from making attacks on the German coast. After the end of hostilities with Russia, his mission was ended, and Prince Henry simply left active duty. With the war’s end and the dissolution of the monarchy in Germany, Prince Henry left the navy.

Family

On 24 May 1888, Henry married Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, his first cousin. The marriage produced three children:

NamePictureBirthDeathNotes
Waldemar William Louis Frederick Victor Henry20 March 18892 May 1945Married Princess Calixta of Lippe-Biesterfeld, but had no issue.
William Victor Charles Augustus Henry Sigismund27 November 189614 November 1978Married Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, had issue.
Henry Victor Louis Frederick9 January 190026 February 1904Was a haemophiliac and died aged four after bumping his head[1]
Prince Henry with his wife, Princess Irene, and their sons Waldemar and Sigismund

Their sons Waldemar and Heinrich were both hemophiliacs, a disease which they inherited through Irene from the maternal grandmother of both of their parents, Queen Victoria, who was a carrier.

Main article: Haemophilia in European royalty

Personality and private life
Medallion designed by Victor David Brenner for Prince Henry's 1902 visit to the U.S.

Henry had little in common with his brother, the German Emperor. He lacked, for example, William II's erratic nature and egotism. Contrary to popular belief, the kaiser and the prince were both truly popular in Germany, and on account of his humble and open manner, Henry was beloved by those under his command. On foreign travels, he was a good diplomat. Thus, on his 1902 trip to the United States, Henry made a favorable impression with the critical American press and succeeded in winning the sympathy of more than just the numerous German-American segment of the population.

As a naval officer, Henry had a profession that completely satisfied him and that he loved. He was thoroughly a pragmatist. He received one of the first pilot’s licenses in Germany, and was judged a spirited and excellent seaman. He was dedicated to modern technology and was able to understand quickly the practical value of technical innovations. A yachting enthusiast, Prince Henry became one of the first members of the Yacht Club of Kiel, established by a group of naval officers in 1887, and quickly became the club's patron.

Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper[2] and, according to other sources, the car horn. In his honor, the Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club).

Henry also was an early proponent of introducing submarines and airplanes. He had merchant ships converted into seaplane tenders for operations in the Baltic Sea.

Henry respected his brother, but this attitude was not returned in the same measure. William kept his younger brother far from politics, although Henry served as his representative as long as the Crown Prince was still in his minority. Henry complied with this, for he did not interest himself in either politics or grand strategy. He did not recognize what political effect the German naval build-up would entail, and also would not have been in the position to move his brother toward a different policy.

After the German Revolution, Henry lived with his family in Hemmelmark near Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein. He continued with motor sports and sailing and even in old age was a very successful participant in regattas. He popularized the Prinz-Heinrich-Mütze ("Prince Henry cap"), which is still worn, especially by older sailors.

In 1899, Henry received an honorary doctorate (Doctor of Engineering honoris causa) from the Technical University of Berlin. Also in foreign countries he received numerous similar honors, including an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) from Harvard University in March 1902, during his visit to the United States.[3]

Prince Henry died of throat cancer, as his father had, in Hemmelmark on 20 April 1929.[4]

George Burroughs Torrey painted a portrait of him.

  • Unterleutnant zur See, 14 August 1872; Basic Training and Naval Academy 1877-1878
  • Leutnant zur See, 18 October 1881; Training Cruises and Naval Academy 1878-1882
  • Kapitänleutnant, 18 October 1884; Executive Officer, Armored Cruiser SMS Oldenburg, 1886
  • Korvettenkapitän, 18 October 1887; Commander, 1st Torpedo Boat Division, 1887; Commander, Imperial Yacht SMY Hohenzollern, 1888
  • Kapitän zur See, 27 January 1889; Commander, Cruiser SMS Irene, 1889–1890; Commander, Armored Coastal Defense Ship SMS Beowulf, 1892; Commander, Armored Cruiser SMS Sachsen, 1892–1894; Commander, Armored Ship of the Line SMS Wörth, 1894–1895
  • Konteradmiral, 15 September 1895; Commander, 2nd Division, 1st Battle Squadron, 1896–1897; Commander, 2nd Division, Cruiser Squadron, 1897–1899
  • Vizeadmiral, 5 December 1899; Commander, Cruiser Squadron, 1899–1900; Commander, 1st Battle Squadron, 1900–1903
  • Admiral, 13 September 1901;[5] Commanding Admiral, Baltic Sea Naval Command, 1903–1906, Commander, High Seas Fleet, 1906–1909
  • Großadmiral, 4 September 1909; Inspector General of the Imperial Navy, 1909–1918; Commander-in-Chief, Baltic Fleet, 1914–1918

Regimental commissions and honorary ranks

German
  • 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß (Royal Prussian 1st Regiment of Foot Guards) – Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) through Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls (Colonel-General in the Rank of Field Marshal), 1871 - 1918[6]
  • Kgl. Sächs. 2. Grenadier-Regiment Kaiser Wilhelm, König von Preußen Nr. 101 (Royal Saxon 2nd Grenadier Regiment)
  • Kgl. Bayerisches Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 8 (Royal Bavarian 8th Artillery Regiment) – Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls and Chef (Colonel in Chief)[7]
  • 1. Großherzogl. Hessisches Feldartilleree-Regiment 25 (Grand Duchy of Hesse 2nd Artillery Regiment)[6]
  • Fußilier-Regiment “Prinz Heinrich von Preußen” (Brandenburgisches) Nr 35 (The Brandenburg Fusilier Regiment) - Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls and Chef (Colonel in Chief)[8]

Foreign
  • Austria-Hungary: K.u.K. Infantry Regiment Nr. 20 – Oberstinhaber (Colonel in Chief)[6]
  • Austria-Hungary: K.u.K. Kriegsmarine (Navy) – Vizeadmiral (vice admiral)[6]
    • Austria-Hungary: K.u.K. Kriegsmarine - Konteradmiral (rear-admiral) 1899[9]
  • United Kingdom: Royal Navy – Admiral (Honorary) 13 September 1901[5][6]
    • Royal Navy - Vice-Admiral (Honorary) 5 February 1901.[10]
  • Russian Empire: Imperial Dragoon Regiment Nr. 33 – Colonel[6]

Honours
National[6][11]
Foreign[6]

Honorary degrees and offices

Ancestry

References
  1. The Royal Forums
  2. "untitled". The Day Book. Chicago. June 13, 1914. p. 10. Retrieved August 20, 2014. Admiral Prince Henry of Prussia, brother of the kaiser, has invented and patented an electrical device for cleaning windows of automobiles in rainy or frosty weather. The device is set in operation by the pressing of a button.
  3. "Latest intelligence - Prince Henry in America". The Times (36709). London. 7 March 1902. p. 3.
  4. "Died". Time. 29 April 1929. Retrieved 2008-06-06. Prince Henry of Hohenzollern, 66, of Berlin, brother of onetime Kaiser Wilhelm II, Wartime commander of Germany's Baltic fleet; of heart disease and pneumonia; in Berlin. Popular Prince Henry visited the U. S. in 1884 and 1902, was caricatured in many a newspaper passing under festal arches of sausages, pretzels.
  5. "No. 27365". The London Gazette. 15 October 1901. p. 6711.
  6. Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat, 1908, p. 2
  7. Der Rittmeister Militaria, LLC: http://www.derrittmeister.com/royalty.htm
  8. Handbuch..., 1908, p. 2, and Der Rittmeister Militaria, LLC: http://www.derrittmeister.com/royalty.htm
  9. "The Triple Alliance". The Times (36062). London. 10 February 1900. p. 7.
  10. "No. 27281". The London Gazette. 5 February 1901. p. 766.
  11. Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat (1918), Genealogy p. 3
  12. Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1914) p. 71
  13. "Albert Wilhelm Heinrich Prinz von Preußen, K.H." the Prussian Machine. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  14. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für des Herzogtum Anhalt (1894), "Herzoglicher Haus-Orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 17
  15. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1888), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 61, 73
  16. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (1906), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8
  17. Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897, "Herzogliche Orden Heinrich des Löwen" p. 10
  18. Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 46
  19. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 12
  20. Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg0: 1879. Schulze. 1879. p. 34.
  21. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
  22. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 27
  23. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  24. Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  25. Tom C. Bergroth (1997). Vapaudenristin ritarikunta: Isänmaan puolesta (in Finnish). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. p. 65. ISBN 951-0-22037-X.
  26. Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
  27. 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
  28. http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kza_14103020_003
  29. Royal Thai Government Gazette (24 December 1899). "การรับฮิสรอแยลไฮเนส ปรินศเฮนรี สมเด็จพระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ กรุงปรุสเซีย" (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 2019-05-08. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 147. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  31. "Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Orden del Mérito Naval". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1908. p. 546. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  32. Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1925, p. 807, retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org
  33. Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 595–596, retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org
  34. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 211
  35. Shaw, p. 68
  36. Shaw, p. 416
  37. "Prince Henry in America". The Times (36701). London. 26 February 1902. p. 5.
  38. "Latest intelligence - Prince Henry in America". The Times (36712). London. 11 March 1902. p. 5.

Further reading
  • Harald Eschenburg. Prinz Heinrich von Preußen - Der Großadmiral im Schatten des Kaisers. Heide, 1989, ISBN 3-8042-0456-2. [Translation of title: Prince Heinrich of Prussia - The Grand Admiral in the Shadow of the Emperor.]
  • John Van der Kiste. Prince Henry of Prussia. 2015
Political offices
Preceded by
New post		 Commander-in-Chief of High Seas Fleet of the Imperial German Navy
1907–1909		 Succeeded by
Henning von Holtzendorff
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