Proterotheriidae

Proterotheriidae is an extinct family of fossil ungulates from the Cenozoic era that displays toe reduction. Despite resembling primitive, small horses, they were not related to them, but belonged to the native South American ungulate order Litopterna.

Proterotheriidae
Temporal range: Late Paleocene-Late Pleistocene (Itaboraian-Lujanian)
~58.7–0.012 Ma
Skull of Thoatherium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
†Litopterna
Family:
Proterotheriidae

Interpretation of Thoatherium

Description

Two subfamilies and 18 genera of Proterotheriidae are known. All forms were small or medium-sized. Typical is a reduction of the number of toes and brachydont or mesodont teeth. The family is recorded since the late Palaeocene. Various fossils are known from many parts of the South American continent. The diversity decreased in the Miocene to Pliocene and it has been assumed for a long time that they entirely disappeared in the late Pliocene. However, fossils found in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay show that one member of the group, Neolicaphrium recens survived into the Late Pleistocene.[1][2][3]

Better known genera of the family include Diadiaphorus and Thoatherium from the Miocene.[1]

Subdivisions
  • Proterotheriidae
    • Anisolambdinae
      • Anisolambda
      • Paranisolambda
      • Protheosodon
      • Richardolydekkeria
      • Wainka
      • Xesmodon
    • Proterotheriinae
    • Megadolodinae
      • Bounodus
      • Megadolodus

References
  1. Scherer, C.; Pitana, V.; Ribeiro, A. M. (2009). "Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae (Litopterna, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 12 (3): 231–246. doi:10.4072/rbp.2009.3.06.
  2. Ubilla, M.; Perea, D.; Bond, M.; Rinderknecht, A. (2011). "The first cranial remains of the Pleistocene proterotheriid Neolicaphrium Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna): a comparative approach". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.539647.
  3. Gaudioso, P. J.; Gasparini, G. M.; Herbst, R.; Barquez, R. M. (2017). "First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 57 (31): 23–29.
  4. Andrew J. McGrath; Federico Anaya; Darin A. Croft (2020). "New proterotheriids (Litopterna, Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and trends in diversity and body size of proterotheriid and macraucheniid litopterns". Ameghiniana. 57 (2): 159–188. doi:10.5710/AMGH.03.03.2020.3268.
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