Prydwen

Prydwen plays a part in the early Welsh poem Preiddeu Annwfn as King Arthur's ship, which bears him to the Celtic otherworld Annwn, while in Culhwch and Olwen he sails in it on expeditions to Ireland. The 12th-century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth named Arthur's shield after it. In the early modern period Welsh folklore preferred to give Arthur's ship the name Gwennan. Prydwen has however made a return during the last century in several Arthurian works of fiction.

This article is about the ship of King Arthur. For the shield of King Arthur, see Pridwen.

Preiddeu Annwfn

Arthur's ship makes an early appearance in Preiddeu Annwfn ("The Spoils of Annwn"), a Welsh mythological poem of uncertain date (possibly as early as the 9th century or as late as the 12th)[1] preserved in the Book of Taliesin. The meaning of the poem is in many places obscure, but it seems to describe a voyage in Pridwen to Annwn, the Celtic otherworld, to rescue a prisoner held there. It includes two lines translated by John K. Bollard as

Three shiploads of Prydwen we went to it;
except for seven, none returned from Caer Siddi.

And again later

Three shiploads of Pridwen we went with Arthur;
except for seven, none returned from Caer Goludd.[2]

A more literal translation of the first phrase is "three fullnesses of Prydwen", but it is not clear whether we are to understand this as representing three voyages by Prydwen, a single voyage of a threefold-overloaded Prydwen, or a flotilla of three ships each of which contains as many men as would fill Prydwen.[3]

Culhwch and Olwen

Prydwen appears in three episodes of the tale Culhwch and Olwen, which reached its final form c. 1080–1100. First Arthur goes to sea in Prydwen in an attempt to capture the bitch Rhymhi and her cubs. Then he and a small force sail in Prydwen to Ireland, take the cauldron of Diwrnach as booty, and sail back to Wales. Finally Arthur and all the warriors of Britain return to Ireland in search of the boar Twrch Trwyth, and when the boar and his piglets swim to Wales they follow him in Prydwen.[4][5]

Geoffrey of Monmouth

In Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written in the 1130s, he listed Arthur's weapons, giving his shield the name Pridwen. His reason for doing that is uncertain,[6] but it may be that he thought a name meaning "fair face" was appropriate for a shield which, he says, was adorned with an image of the Virgin Mary.[7] It has also been suggested that Prydwen, as a magical object in Welsh tradition, could be both a shield and a ship.[8]

Further evidence for the early existence of the Prydwen tradition comes from a document in the 12th-century Liber Landavensis which records the place-name messur pritguenn, "the Measure of Prydwen".[9]

In one 16th-century manuscript (BL, Add. MS. 14866) Caswennan, the name of a sandbank in Gwynedd, is glossed as "a place hateful to ships, near Bardsey and Llŷn; there Arthur's ship named Gwennan was wrecked". In 1742 the hydrographer and antiquary Lewis Morris found that the same tradition was still current in that locality. The poet Evan Evans repeated this story in 1764, but made Caswennan the name of the ship. Iolo Morganwg (1747–1826), antiquarian and forger, listed seven of the ships belonging to King Arthur which "conveyed the saints to Ynys Enlli". He included Gwennan but not Prydwen; the other six names were purely fanciful.[10][11] In other sources the ship Gwennan Gorn, wrecked on Caswennan, is said to have belonged not to King Arthur but to prince Madog ab Owain Gwynedd.[12]

Modern appearances

John Masefield's poem "The Sailing of Hell Race", in his Midsummer Night and Other Tales in Verse (1928), tells a story based on Preiddeu Annwfn, though Arthur's ship is here called Britain. Alan Lupack surmises that this is a play on the names Prydwen and Prydain, the Welsh name for Britain.[13][14]

In H. Warner Munn's 1939 novel King of the World's Edge Arthur and companions cross the Atlantic in Prydwen.[15] Susan Cooper's Silver on the Tree (1977), the last of her five Arthurian novels for children, ends with King Arthur sailing into the beyond in his ship Pridwen.[16] Guy Gavriel Kay's novel The Wandering Fire (1986), the second of his Fionavar Tapestry sequence, features Prydwen in another quest for a magical cauldron; the third and final novel, The Darkest Road (1986), ends as Prydwen carries Arthur, Guinevere and Lancelot away over unearthly seas.[17] In Patricia Kennealy-Morrison's The Hedge of Mist (1996), the last novel in a science-fiction Arthurian trilogy, Prydwen is one of Arthur's spaceships.[18]

Heather Dale's song "The Prydwen Sails Again", on her 1999 album The Trial of Lancelot, again puts Prydwen into the context of the voyage to Caer Siddi.[19]

The computer game Fallout 4 presents Prydwen as a dieselpunk airship.[20]

References
  1. Coe, Jon B.; Young, Simon (1995). The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend. [Felinfach]: Llanerch. p. 135. ISBN 1897853831. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  2. Bollard, John K. (1994) [1983]. "Arthur in the Early Welsh Tradition". In Wilhelm, James J. (ed.). The Romance of Arthur. New York: Garland. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0815315112. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  3. Haycock, Marged, ed. (2007). Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin. Aberystwyth: CMCS. p. 441. ISBN 9780952747895. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  4. Bartrum 2009, p. 624.
  5. Davis, Craig (2014). "Arthur in Early Wales/Culhwch and Olwen". In Kibler, William W.; Palmer, R. Barton (eds.). Medieval Arthurian Epic and Romance: Eight New Translations. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 72, 92–93, 95–96. ISBN 9780786447794. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  6. Parry, John J.; Caldwell, Robert A. (1979) [1959]. "Geoffrey of Monmouth". In Loomis, Roger Sherman (ed.). Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 73, 80–81, 84. ISBN 9780198115885. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  7. Lacy, Norris J.; Ashe, Geoffrey; Mancoff, Debra N. (1997). The Arthurian Handbook (2nd ed.). New York: Garland. p. 345. ISBN 9780815320814. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  8. Wace; Layamon (1921). Arthurian Chronicles. Translated by Mason, Eugene. London: J. M. Dent. p. 17. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  9. Green, Thomas (2009). Arthuriana: Early Arthurian Tradition and the Origins of the Legend. Louth: Lindes Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781445221106. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  10. Bartrum 2009, p. 362.
  11. Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Antient Welsh Bards. Translated by Evans, Evan. London: R. and J. Dodsley. 1764. p. 15. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  12. Lloyd-Morgan, Ceridwen (2004). "Narratives and non-narratives: Aspects of Welsh Arthurian tradition". Arthurian Literature. 21: 128–129. ISBN 9781843840282. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  13. Howey & Reimer 2006, p. 258.
  14. Lupack 2007, p. 467.
  15. Howey & Reimer 2006, p. 295.
  16. Thompson, Raymond H. (1985). The Return from Avalon: A Study of the Arthurian Legend in Modern Fiction. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 110. ISBN 0313232911. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  17. Lupack 2007, pp. 199, 467.
  18. Lacy, Norris J.; Thompson, Raymond H. (2001). "Arthurian Literature, Art, and Film, 1995–1999". Arthurian Literature. 18: 226. ISBN 9780859916172. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  19. Howey & Reimer 2006, p. 546.
  20. Walker, Aaron, ed. (2015). The Art of Fallout 4. Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse. p. 256. ISBN 9781630086527. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

Sources
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