Ribbon of Saint George

Gold Sword for Bravery, one of the first instances of the Georgian ribbon used independently.

The Georgian ribbon emerged as part of the Order of Saint George, established in 1769 as the highest military decoration of Imperial Russia (and re-established in 1998 by Presidential decree signed by then President of Russia Boris Yeltsin). While the Order of Saint George was normally not a collective award, the ribbon was sometimes granted to regiments and units that performed brilliantly during wartime and constituted an integral part of some collective battle honours (such as banners and pennants). When not awarded the full Order, some distinguished officers were granted ceremonial swords, adorned with the Georgian ribbon.[15]

In 1806, distinctive Georgian banners were introduced as a further battle honour awarded to meritorious Guards and Leib Guard regiments. These banners had the Cross of Saint George as their finials and were adorned with 4,44 cm wide Georgian ribbons. It remained the highest collective military award in the Imperial Russian Army until the Revolution in 1917.

In the original statute of the Order of Saint George, written in 1769, the currently orange stripes of the ribbon were described as yellow; however, they were frequently rendered as orange in practice,[7] and the orange colour was later formalised in the 1913 statute.[16] The colours are said to symbolise fire and gunpowder of war, the death and resurrection of Saint George, or the colours of the original Russian imperial coat of arms (black double-headed eagle on a golden escutcheon).[17] Another theory is that they are, in fact, German in origin, derived from the or and sable stripe patterns found on the heraldry of the House of Ascania, from which Catherine II originated, or the County of Ballenstedt, the house's ancient demesne.[18]

The association of the Georgian ribbon to Soviet victory in the Second World War stems from the "For the Victory over Germany" medal.

The original Georgian ribbons disappeared alongside all other Tsarist awards after the October Revolution, although wearing a previously earned Cross of Saint George was allowed. However, the symbol would reappear during the Second World War, as a symbol of office for the newly established Guards units, whose badges and banners were adorned with black and orange ribbons in a similar manner to old Imperial regiments[17] Later, the same ribbon would be used for the Order of Glory (Russian: Орден Славы, Orden Slavy), an award given for bravery to soldiers and non-commissioned officers similar to the Tsarist Cross of Saint George, and the medal "For the Victory over Germany" (Russian: За победу над Германией, Za pobedu nad Germaniyey), awarded to almost all veterans who participated in Eastern Front campaigns. As part of the original Tsarist awards, the ribbon was also used by the collaborationist Russian Liberation Army.[19]

After the war, the ribbon would be sometimes used in postcards commemorating the veterans of the war;[20] however, the ribbon did not hold the public significance it has today.[19]

Presidents of Russia, China and Kyrgyzstan with Saint George ribbons during the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade

In 2005, to mark the 60th anniversary of Victory Day (9 May 1945), the news agency RIA Novosti and the youth civic organization РООСПМ «Студенческая Община» launched a campaign that called on volunteers to distribute ribbons in the streets ahead of Victory Day.[19][15] Since then, civilians in Russia and other former republics of the Soviet Union have worn the ribbon as an act of commemoration and remembrance.[15] For the naming of the ribbons the diminutive form is used: георгиевская ленточка (georgiyevskaya lentochka, "small George ribbon").[15] Since 2005 the ribbon is distributed each year all over Russia and around the world in advance of 9 May and is on that day widely to be seen on wrists, lapels, and cars.[21][15] The public campaign is associated with other symbols, such as the motto: "We remember, we are proud!" (Russian: Мы помним, мы гордимся!)[15]

Yulia Latynina and other journalists have speculated the Russian government introduced the ribbon as a public-relations response to the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine in which demonstrators had adopted orange ribbons as their symbol.[19][21]

Local residents in Donetsk carry portraits of their ancestors and participants in World War II, 9 May 2015

Subsequently, Russian nationalist and government loyalist groups have adopted the ribbon. During the 2011–13 Russian protests, protestors demonstrating against electoral fraud in the 2011 elections wore white ribbons. Supporters of Putin would counter-protest wearing Saint George's ribbons.[22] On 28 April 2016 a group of people from the National Freedom Movement[23] wearing St. George ribbons attacked a school competition organized by the Memorial society, pouring a toxic solution of Brilliant Green on writer Ludmila Ulitskaya and other guests and assaulting a journalist.[24][25] The Russian ultranationalist group National Liberation Movement (Russian: Национально-освободительное движение - NOD) has adopted a flag of orange and black horizontal stripes as its symbol.[26]

During the events of 2014 in Ukraine, Antimaidan activists and the pro-Russian population of Ukraine (especially in the south-east regions) used the ribbon as a symbol of pro-Russian and separatist sentiment.[27][8][28][29] Pro-Russian paramilitary groups, such as the Donbass People's Militia paramilitary group, use Saint George ribbons in their uniforms and emblems.

In April 2014 the veterans of Kirovohrad banned the symbol from Victory Day celebrations "in order to prevent provocations between the activists of different movements". Instead, only Ukrainian state symbols would be used.[30] The next month Cherkasy urged veterans and supporters not to wear the ribbon or any other party symbols.[31]

The Ukrainian government replaced the ribbon with a red-and-black remembrance poppy, like those associated with Remembrance Day in Western Europe in 2014.[19][32]

On May 16, 2017 the St. George Ribbon was officially banned in the country, with those who produce or promote the symbol subject to fine or temporary arrest. According to Speaker Andriy Parubiy (People's Front), the symbol had become a symbol of "Russia's war and occupation of Ukraine."[33]

On 5 May 2014, the Belarusian Republican Youth Union encouraged activists not to use the ribbon. Other officials reported that the decision not to use the symbol was related to the situation in Ukraine, "where the ribbon is used by militants and terrorists".[34] In time for Victory Day 2015, the ribbon's colors were replaced by the red, green and white from the Flag of Belarus.[35]

During preparation for the first Victory Day parade in the Canadian city of Winnipeg on 10 May 2014, the Russian embassy distributed Ribbons of Saint George to participants. The move was considered controversial to the local Ukrainian community in view of the ongoing events in Ukraine with a member of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress calling the ribbon a "symbol of terrorism."[36]

Former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev during the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade

The government of Latvia proposed the ban on the use of any Ribbons of Saint George by law in May 2014; earlier, Latvia imposed a ban on the use of all Soviet symbols at public events.[37]

The ban on similar grounds to that in Latvia has been discussed.[38]

On July 21, 1992, by the Decree of the President of Russia under Boris Yeltsin, the need for new naval banners for the Russian Federation was created under decree № 798.[39] Article 1, section 2 states the description of the "Guards naval flag" with the "Guards Ribbon" located in the middle of the lower half of the flag, symmetrically relative to the middle vertical line of the flag. The usage of the Soviet term "Guards Ribbon" in modern Russian laws were only in reference of the Guards units of the Soviet Navy. These units were subsequently acquired by the newly formed Russian Navy after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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  Flag of the Saint George Ribbon
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  1942-1950 Soviet Guards naval flag
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  1950-1992 Soviet Guards naval flag
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  First Guards naval flag of the Russian Navy, 1992-2000
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  Second version of the Guards naval flag, reverted to the historical color of the original St Andrews's flag, 2000
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  Pro-Russian demonstration in Odessa in 2014
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  1942-1950 Guards Naval Flag
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  Russian Naval flag with the Order of Nakhimov and the Guards Ribbon on the Battle Cruiser Moskva

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  Russian Federation Order of Saint George 4th class
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  Imperial Cross of Saint George 3rd class 1807 - 1917 (enlisted award)
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  Medal of St. George 1st class
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  Soviet Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
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  Soviet Order of Glory 3rd class
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  Medal "For the Capture of Berlin"
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  Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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  Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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  60 Years of Ukraine's Liberation from Nazi Invaders Jubilee Medal
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  Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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  50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War
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  Defender of the Motherland Medal (Ukraine) 1999–2015
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  Jubilee Medal "70 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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  Medal of Zhukov
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  Order of Military Glory (Belarus)
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  Jubilee medal in honor of the 70th anniversary of liberation of Belarus from Nazi invaders

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  Guards badge of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
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  Guards badge of the Armed Forces of Belarus
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  Guards badge of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, established in 2005,[40] removed in 2016
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  Guards badge for the Soviet Navy