Riddles Wisely Expounded

The motif of riddling in folklore is very ancient, the stories of Oedipus and Samson giving two early examples. The particular form used here matches the folktale Aarne-Thompson type 875 The Clever Girl where a woman wins a husband by her clever answers to riddles.[2] Other tales of this type include What Is the Fastest Thing in the World? and The Wise Little Girl. There are strong parallels with ballads in other languages, with many German,[3] and Scottish and Irish Gaelic versions known to exist.[4] There is also significant crossover with other popular English language ballads, such as The Two Sisters (Child 10) and The False Knight on the Road (Child 3) and The Elfin Knight (Child 2).

In the earliest surviving version of the song,[5] the "foul fiend" proposes to abduct a maiden unless she can answer a series of riddles. The woman prays to Jesus for wisdom, and answers the riddles correctly.

In a seventeenth century version entitled "A Noble Riddle Wisely Expounded", the words of each verse are interspersed with a chorus phrase "lay the bent to the bonny broom". A. L. Lloyd euphemistically describes this as a phrase of "physiological significance", explaining that the word "bent" means a horn.[6] "Broom" most likely refers to the flowering shrub. This version is very similar to The Two Sisters (Child 10).

'If thou canst answer me questions three,

Lay the bent to the bonny broom

This very day will I marry thee.'

Fa la la la, fa la la la ra re

In later versions, including this one, a knight puts a woman to test before he marries her (sometimes after seducing her); the woman knows the answers, and wins the marriage. In other versions, a devil disguised as a knight tries to carry the woman off.

The riddles vary, but typical ones include:

• What is longer than the way? -- love
• What is deeper than the sea? -- hell
• What is louder than the horn? -- thunder
• What is sharper than a thorn? -- hunger
• What is whiter than milk? -- snow
• What is softer than silk? -- down
• What is worse than woman was? -- the devil

The most commonly found traditional version in recent times, usually entitled "Ninety-nine and ninety", begins roughly as follows:

Now you must answer my questions nine

Sing ninety-nine and ninety,

Or you aren't God's you are one of mine

And who is the weaver's bonny.

What is whiter than milk?

Sing ninety-nine and ninety;

And what is softer than silk?

And who is the weaver's bonny.

Traditional recordings of this version have been made several times in the twentieth century. American recordings include those performed by the Appalachian traditional singer Texas Gladden (recorded by Alan and Elizabeth Lomax in 1941)[7] Nancy Philley of Fayetteville, Arkansas (1963)[8] and Alfreda Peel of Salem, Virginia (1932).[9] Jeff Wesley of Whittlebury, Northamptonshire, England (1988)[10] sang a very similar version, suggesting that this popular version came from England relatively recently.

• List of the Child Ballads
• The Fause Knight Upon the Road
• The Elfin Knight
• Proud Lady Margaret
• The Riddle Song

• Niles, John Jacob, Ron Pen, and WILLIAM BARSS. "Riddles Wisely Expounded (Child No. 1)." In The Ballad Book of John Jacob Niles, 1-10. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2000. doi:10.2307/j.ctt130jnj1.6.

• Riddles Wisely Expounded with 18th- and 19th-century melodies, and text to "Inter diabolus et virgo"