Rosaceae

Rosaceae, the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including 4,828 known species in 91 genera.[3][4][5]

Not to be confused with Rosacea.

Rosaceae
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–present[1]
Flower of Rosa pouzinii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Juss.
Subfamilies
Global distribution of Rosaceae
Synonyms[2]
  • Amygdalaceae D. Don 1825
  • Coleogynaceae J. Agardh 1858
  • Fragariaceae Richard ex Nestler 1816
  • Lindleyaceae J. Agardh 1858
  • Malaceae Small ex Britton 1903
  • Pomaceae Lindl.
  • Potentillaceae Sprengel ex Weinmann 1824
  • Prunaceae Martinov
  • Spiraeaceae Bertuch 1801

The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the most species-rich genera are Alchemilla (270), Sorbus (260), Crataegus (260), Cotoneaster (260), Rubus (250),[5] and Prunus (200) which contains the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds.[6] However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates – much taxonomic work remains.

The family Rosaceae includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but some are evergreen.[7] They have a worldwide range, but are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere.

Many economically important products come from the Rosaceae. It includes many edible fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, apricots, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, loquats, strawberries, rose hips and almonds. It also includes popular ornamental trees and shrubs, such as roses, meadowsweets, photinias, firethorns, rowans, and hawthorns.[7]

Distribution

The Rosaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found nearly everywhere except for Antarctica. They are primarily concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere in regions that are not desert or tropical rainforest.[5]

Historical taxonomy

The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae, Spiraeoideae, Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors.[8][9] More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae.[10] They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic. Hutchinson (1964)[11] and Kalkman (2004) [12] recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies:[2] Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained the same.

While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is no general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.l.. Compounding the problem is that apomixis is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, Cotoneaster contains between 70 and 300 species, Rosa around 100 (including the taxonomically complex dog roses), Sorbus 100 to 200 species, Crataegus between 200 and 1,000, Alchemilla around 300 species, Potentilla roughly 500, and Rubus hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species.

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships between the three subfamilies within Rosaceae are unresolved. There are three competing hypotheses:

Amygdaloideae basal Dryadoideae basal Rosoideae basal
 
 

Amygdaloideae

 
 
 

Rosoideae

 
 

Dryadoideae

 
 
 
 
 

Dryadoideae

 
 
 

Amygdaloideae

 
 

Rosoideae

 
 
 
 
 

Rosoideae

 
 
 

Dryadoideae

 
 

Amygdaloideae

 
 
 

Amygdaloideae basal

Amygdaloideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014),[13] Li et al. (2015),[14] Li et al. (2016),[15] and Sun et al. (2016).[16] Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes:[17]

 
Rosaceae
Amygdaloideae
 
 
 
 
 
Malodae
 

Maleae

 
 

Gillenieae

 
 
 

Spiraeeae

 
 
 

Sorbarieae

 
 
 

Amygdaleae

 
 
Kerriodae
 

Kerrieae

 
 

Exochordeae

 
 
 
 

Neillieae

 
 
 

Lyonothamneae

 
 
 
Rosoideae
Rosodae
 
 
 
 

Potentilleae

 
 

Roseae

 
 
 

Agrimonieae

 
 
 

Rubeae

 
 
 

Colurieae

 
 
 

Ulmarieae

 
 
Dryadoideae

Dryadeae

 
 
 
 

outgroup

 
 

The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary, and the fruits are usually achenes.[17]

Dryadoideae basal

Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002)[18] and Potter (2003).[19] Most recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using nuclear transcriptomes:[20]

 
Rosaceae
 
Amygdaloideae
 
 
 
Malodae
 

Maleae

 
 

Gillenieae

 
 
 
Kerriodae
 

Kerrieae

 
 

Exochordeae

 
 
 

Sorbarieae

 
 
 
 
 

Amygdaleae

 
 

Lyonothamneae

 
 
 
 

Spiraeeae

 
 
 

Neillieae

 
 
Rosoideae
Rosodae
 
 
 
 

Agrimonieae

 
 

Potentilleae

 
 
 

Roseae

 
 
 

Colurieae

 
 
 

Rubeae

 
 
 

Ulmarieae

 
 
 
Dryadoideae

Dryadeae

 
 
 

outgroup

 
 

Rosoideae basal

Rosoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Morgan et al. (1994),[21] Evans (1999),[22] Potter et al. (2002),[23] Potter et al. (2007),[24] Töpel et al. (2012),[25] and Chen et al. (2016).[26] The following is taken from Potter et al. (2007):[24]

 
Rosaceae
Rosoideae
Rosodae
 
 
 

Agrimonieae

 
 
 

Potentilleae

 
 

Roseae

 
 
 
 

Colurieae

 
 
 

Rubeae

 
 
 

Ulmarieae

 
 
 
Amygdaloideae
 
 
 
 

Sorbarieae

 
 
Malodae
 

Maleae

 
 

Gillenieae

 
 
 

Spiraeeae

 
 
 
Kerriodae
 

Kerrieae

 
 

Exochordeae

 
 
 
 
 

Amygdaleae

 
 

Neillieae

 
 
 
 

Lyonothamneae

 
 
Dryadoideae

Dryadeae

 
 
 
 

outgroup

 
 

The sister relationship between Amygdaloideae and Dryadoideae is supported by the following shared biochemical characters not found in Rosoideae: production of cyanogenic glycosides and production of sorbitol.[17]

Characteristics

Rosaceae can be trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants. The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist.[27]

Leaves

The leaves are generally arranged spirally, but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin is most often serrate. Paired stipules are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae).[24] The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface)[28] to the petiole. Glands or extrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves.

Flowers

Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy".[29] They are radially symmetrical, and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five sepals, five petals, and many spirally arranged stamens. The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called a hypanthium. They can be arranged in spikes, or heads. Solitary flowers are rare.

Fruits and seeds

The fruits occur in many varieties and were once considered the main characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rise to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They can be follicles, capsules, nuts, achenes, drupes (Prunus), and accessory fruits, like the pome of an apple, or the hip of a rose. Many fruits of the family are edible, but their seeds often contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide during digestion if the seed is damaged.[30]

Genera
Main article: List of Rosaceae genera

Identified clades include:

Economic importance

The rose family is arguably one of the six most economically important crop plant families,[31] and includes apples, pears, quinces, medlars, loquats, almonds, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, sloes, and roses among the crop plants belonging to the family.

Many genera are also highly valued ornamental plants. These include trees and shrubs (Cotoneaster, Chaenomeles, Crataegus, Dasiphora, Exochorda, Kerria, Photinia, Physocarpus, Prunus, Pyracantha, Rhodotypos, Rosa, Sorbus, Spiraea), herbaceous perennials (Alchemilla, Aruncus, Filipendula, Geum, Potentilla, Sanguisorba), alpine plants (Dryas, Geum, Potentilla) and climbers (Rosa).[7]

However, several genera are also introduced noxious weeds in some parts of the world, costing money to be controlled. These invasive plants can have negative impacts on the diversity of local ecosystems once established. Such naturalised pests include Acaena, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Pyracantha, and Rosa.[7]

The family Rosaceae covers a wide range of trees, bushes and plants.

  • Buzzy burr (Acaena magellanica)
  • Common lady's mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
  • Goat's beard (Aruncus dioicus)
  • Maule's quince (Chaenomeles japonica)
  • mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides)
  • Common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
  • Creeping cotoneaster (Cotoneaster adpressus)
  • Shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa)
  • Mountain avens (Dryas octopetala)
  • Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a fruit tree typical by flowering in autumn
  • Pearlbush (Exochorda racemosa)
  • Dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris)
  • Musk strawberry (Fragaria moschata) valued for its intense aroma
  • Old man's whiskers (Geum triflorum)
  • Kerria japonica
  • Apple tree blossoms (Malus pumila)
  • Common medlar (Mespilus germanica)
  • Red Tip Photinia (Photinia x fraseri) popular for red color of its new growths
  • Common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius)
  • Creeping cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans)
  • Mature fruit of an almond tree (Prunus dulcis)
  • Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)
  • Stansbury's cliffrose (Purshia stansburyana)
  • Scarlet firethorn (Pyracantha Coccinea)
  • Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) typical for Asian countries
  • Rhodotypos scandens, a Japanese shrub with fruits high in toxic amygdalin
  • The silky rose (Rosa sericea) known for its ornamental prickles
  • Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
  • Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)
  • Autumn foliage of the Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia)
  • Rose meadowsweet (Spiraea splendens)

References
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  30. TOXNET: CASRN: 29883-15-6
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