Scorpion mud turtle

The scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a species of mud turtle in the family Kinosternidae. It is found in Mexico, Central and South America. It is a medium to large kinosternid (mud turtle) with a domed, oval upper shell 92–270 mm (3.6–10.6 in) long. Males regularly exceed 200 mm. The scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic, adaptable kinosternid that will live in almost any body of water. It is primarily omnicarnivorous, a glutton, and feeds on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates, including carrion. In captivity, poorly fed K. scorpioides can be cannibalistic, biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics. Females probably lay 1 to 6 hard-shelled eggs. Like many kinosternids, they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover.[2]

Scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum), southern Tamaulipas, Mexico (23 September 2004).

Scorpion mud turtle
Kinosternon scorpioides La Fortuna de San Carlos, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica (January 1997).
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Family: Kinosternidae
Genus: Kinosternon
Species:
K. scorpioides
Binomial name
Kinosternon scorpioides
Synonyms[1]
Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides
  • Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus, 1766
  • Testudo tricarinata Retzius, 1792
  • Testudo retzii Daudin, 1801
  • Emys retzii Schweigger, 1812
  • Emys scorpioidea Schweigger, 1812 (ex errore)
  • Emys scorpioides Oken, 1816
  • Chersine scorpioides Merrem, 1820
  • Terrapene tricarinata Merrem, 1820
  • Kinosternon brevicaudatum Spix, 1824
  • Kinosternon longicaudatum Spix, 1824
  • Kinosternon shavianum Bell, 1825
  • Terrapene retzii Fitzinger, 1826
  • Terrapene scorpioidea Fitzinger, 1826
  • Cinosternon brevicaudatum Wagler, 1830
  • Cinosternon longicaudatum Wagler, 1830
  • Cinosternon scorpioidea Wagler, 1830
  • Cinosternon shavianum Wagler, 1830
  • Clemmys tricarinata Wagler, 1830
  • Emys (Kinosternon) scorpoides Gray, 1831 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternon scorpioides Gray, 1831
  • Monoclida retziana Rafinesque, 1832
  • Uronyx scorpioides Rafinesque, 1832
  • Cinosternon scorpioidei Wagler, 1833 (ex errore)
  • Cinosternon scorpioideum Wagler, 1833 (ex errore)
  • Terrapene scorpioides Schinz, 1833
  • Cinosternon scorpioides Duméril & Bibron, 1835
  • Kinosternon shawianum Duméril & Bibron, 1835 (ex errore)
  • Clemmys (Cinosternon) scorpioidea Fitzinger, 1835
  • Kinosternon scorpoides Gray, 1844
  • Kinosternon (Swanka) scorpiodes Gray, 1844 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternum brevicaudatum LeConte, 1854
  • Kinosternum longicaudatum LeConte, 1854
  • Kinosternum scorpioides LeConte, 1854
  • Cinosternum brevicaudatum Agassiz, 1857
  • Cinosternum longicaudatum Agassiz, 1857
  • Cinosternum scorpioides Agassiz, 1857
  • Cinosternum shavianum Agassiz, 1857
  • Thyrosternum longecaudatum LeConte, 1859 (ex errore)
  • Thyrosternum scorpioides LeConte, 1859
  • Swanka scorpoides Gray, 1869
  • Swanka longicaudata Gray, 1870
  • Swanka scorpioides Gray, 1872
  • Cinosternon shawianum Bocourt, 1876
  • Ciniosternon shawianum Sumichrast, 1880
  • Cinosternum shawianum Sumichrast, 1882
  • Thyrosternum shavianum Garman, 1884
  • Cinosternum shawanianum Velasco, 1892 (ex errore)
  • Cinosternum scorpioides scorpioides Siebenrock, 1907
  • Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum Müller & Hellmich, 1936
  • Kinosternon scorpioides seriei Freiberg, 1936
  • Kinosternon panamensis Schmidt, 1946
  • Kinosternon scorpioides panamense Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides Mertens & Wermuth, 1955
  • Kinosternon scorpioides pachyrum Wermuth & Mertens, 1977 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternon scorpioides serei Iverson, 1986 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternon scorpioides serieli Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternon scorpioides carajanensis Rogner, 1996 (ex errore)
Kinosternon scorpioides abaxillare
  • Kinosternon abaxillare Baur, 1925
  • Kinosternon scorpioides abaxillare Berry, 1979
  • Kinosternon cruentatum abaxillare Artner, 2003
  • Kinosternon scorpioides carajasense Joseph-Ouni, 2004 (ex errore)
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare
  • Cinosternon albogulare Duméril & Bocourt, 1870
  • Cinosternum albogulare Cope, 1875
  • Kinosternon cruentatum albogulare Wettstein, 1934
  • Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare Dunn & Saxe, 1950
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum
  • Cinosternon cruentatum Duméril & Bibron, 1851
  • Kinosternum cruentatum LeConte, 1854
  • Kinosternum mexicanum LeConte, 1854
  • Kinosternon cruentatum Gray, 1856
  • Cinosternum cruentatum Agassiz, 1857
  • Cinosternum mexicanum Agassiz, 1857
  • Kinosternum triliratum LeConte, 1860
  • Cinosternon mexicanum Strauch, 1862
  • Cinosternon triliratum Strauch, 1862
  • Kinosternon mexicanum Müller, 1865
  • Swanka cruentata Gray, 1870
  • Swanka mexicana Gray, 1870
  • Swanka trilirata Gray, 1870
  • Thyrosternum cruentatum Garman, 1884
  • Cinosternum triliratum Günther, 1885
  • Kinosternon cruentatum cruentatum Schmidt, 1941
  • Kinosternon cruentatum consors Stejneger, 1941
  • Kinosternon crenulatum Pearse, 1945 (ex errore)
  • Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum Berry, 1979
  • Kinosternon cruentatum consor Obst, 1996 (ex errore)

Subspecies
  • Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) – Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
  • Central Chiapas mud turtle – Kinosternon scorpioides abaxillare (Baur, 1925)
  • White-throated mud turtle – Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare (Duméril and Bibron, 1870)
  • Red-cheeked mud turtle – Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851)

References
  1. Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 255–258. ISSN 1864-5755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  2. "Kinosternon scorpiodes (Linnaeus, 1766)". U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Linnaeus, 1766 : Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Holmiae, p. 1–532.
  • Pritchard, P. C. H. 1979. Encyclopedia of Turtles. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune, New Jersey. 895 pp.
  • Pritchard, P. C. H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. Contributions to Herpetology 2. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca. 403 pp., 47 plates, 16 maps.
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