Seattle Art Museum

The Seattle Art Museum (commonly known as "SAM") is an art museum located in Seattle, Washington, United States. It operates three major facilities: its main museum in downtown Seattle; the Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM) in Volunteer Park on Capitol Hill, and Olympic Sculpture Park on the central Seattle waterfront, which opened in January 2007.

Seattle Art Museum
Earlier entrance to the Seattle Art Museum (prior to its 2007 expansion)
Location within downtown Seattle
Established1933
Location1300 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Coordinates47.6072°N 122.3381°W / 47.6072; -122.3381
TypeArt Museum
Collection size25,000
Visitors797,127 (2007)
DirectorAmada Cruz
Public transit access University Street station
Websitewww.seattleartmuseum.org

History
The "Art Ladder": the main staircase of the 1991 Venturi building, now integrated into the expanded SAM as a free public space.

The SAM collection has grown from 1,926 pieces in 1933 to nearly 25,000 as of 2008. Its original museum provided an area of 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2); the present facilities provide 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2) plus a 9-acre (3.6 ha) park. Paid staff have increased from 7 to 303, and the museum library has grown from approximately 1,400 books to 33,252.

SAM traces its origins to the Seattle Fine Arts Society (organized 1905) and the Washington Arts Association (organized 1906), which merged in 1917, keeping the Fine Arts Society name. In 1931 the group renamed itself as the Art Institute of Seattle. The Art Institute housed its collection in Henry House, the former home, on Capitol Hill, of the collector and founder of the Henry Art Gallery, Horace C. Henry (1844–1928).[1][2]

Richard E. Fuller, president of the Seattle Fine Arts Society, was the animating figure of SAM in its early years. During the Great Depression, he and his mother, Margaret MacTavish Fuller, donated $250,000 to build an art museum in Volunteer Park on Seattle's Capitol Hill. The city provided the land and received ownership of the building. Carl F. Gould of the architectural firm Bebb and Gould designed an Art Deco/Art Moderne building for the museum, which opened June 23, 1933. The Art Institute collection formed the core of the original SAM collection; the Fullers soon donated additional pieces. The Art Institute was responsible for managing art activities when the museum first opened. Fuller served as museum director into the 1970s, never taking a salary.[1][2]

SAM joined with the National Council on the Arts (later NEA), Richard Fuller, and the Seattle Foundation (in part, another Fuller family endeavor) to acquire and install Isamu Noguchi's sculpture Black Sun in front of the museum in Volunteer Park. It was the NEA's first commission in Seattle.[3] In 1983–1984, the museum received a donation of half of a downtown city block, the former J. C. Penney department store[4] on the west side of Second Avenue between Union and Pike Streets. They eventually decided that this particular block was not a suitable site: that land was sold for private development as the Newmark Building, and the museum acquired land in the next block south.[5] On December 5, 1991, SAM reopened in a $62 million[6] downtown facility designed by Robert Venturi.[7] The next year, one of Jonathan Borofsky's Hammering Man sculptures was installed outside the museum as part of Seattle City Light's One Percent for Art program.[8] Hammering Man would have been installed in time for the museum's opening, but on September 28, 1991, as workers attempted to erect the piece, it fell, was damaged, and had to be returned to the foundry for repairs.[9] Hammering Man was used in a guerrilla art installation on Labor Day in 1993 when Jason Sprinkle and other local artists attached a 700 lb (320 kg) ball and chain to the leg of the sculpture.[10] In 1994, the Volunteer Park facility reopened as the Seattle Asian Art Museum. In 2007, the Olympic Sculpture Park opened to the public, culminating an 8-year process.[8] In 2017, the Seattle Asian Art Museum closed for a two year $54 million renovation and expansion project.[11] The museum reopened February 8, 2020.[12]

Exhibitions

Among the museum's notable exhibitions were a 1954 exhibition of 25 European paintings and sculptures from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation; these pieces were donated to SAM in 1961. A 1959 Van Gogh exhibit drew 126,100 visitors. That same year, SAM organized a retrospective of the work of Northwest School painter Mark Tobey that traveled to four other U.S. museums. Tobey's works and highlights of SAM's Asian collection were featured under the museum's aegis at the Century 21 Exposition (the 1962 Seattle World's Fair). A Jacob Lawrence retrospective in 1974 honored a giant of African American art who had settled in Seattle four years earlier. Leonardo Lives (1997) featured the Codex Leicester, the last manuscript of Leonardo da Vinci in private hands, which had then been recently purchased by Bill Gates.[13]

Collection

As of June 2008, the SAM collection includes nearly 25,000 pieces. Among them are Alexander Calder's Eagle (1971) and Richard Serra's Wake (2004), both at the Olympic Sculpture Park; Cai Guo-Qiang's Inopportune: Stage One (2004), a sculpture constructed from cars and sequenced multi-channel light tubes on display in the lobby of the SAM Downtown; The Judgment of Paris (c. 1516-18) by Lucas Cranach the Elder; Mark Tobey's Electric Night (1944); Yéil X'eenh (Raven Screen) (c. 1810), attributed to the Tlingit artist Kadyisdu.axch'; Do-Ho Suh's Some/One (2001); and a coffin in the shape of a Mercedes Benz (1991) by Kane Quaye of Ghana. While SAM's collections of modern and ethnic art are notable, its collection of more-traditional European painting and sculpture is quite thin, and the Museum relies on traveling exhibitions rather than its own collection to fill that notable gap. Nevertheless, there are early Italian paintings by Dalmasio Scannabecchi, Puccio di Simone, Giovanni di Paolo, Luca Di Tomme, Bartolomeo Vivarini, and Paolo Uccello. There are paintings by V. Sellaer, Jan Molenaer, Emanuel De Witte, Luca Giordano, Luca Carlevaris, Armand Guillaumin, and Camille Pissarro. This museum also has a large collection of Twentieth-century American paintings by Jacob Lawrence and Mark Tobey. There is an appreciable collection of Aboriginal Australian art.

Return of looted art

The museum returned to the heirs of 1930s French-Jewish impressionist and post-impressionist art dealer Paul Rosenberg a painting by Henri Matisse which had been looted by Nazis in World War II, after having requested that the family sue in order to reach a legal settlement that included another art dealer. So in October 1997, Rosenberg's family filed suit in District Court, to recover the painting Odalisque (1927 or 1928). It was the first lawsuit against an American museum concerning ownership of Nazi plunder during World War II. Then museum director Mimi Gardner Gates brokered an 11th hour settlement that returned the artwork, after which the museum sued the gallery which had sold it the painting in the 1950s.[14] Author Héctor Feliciano said it was only the second instance in the US of a museum returning looted art.[15]

Libraries

The Seattle Art Museum contains the Dorothy Stimson Bullitt Library and the McCaw Foundation Library of Art.

Dorothy Stimson Bullitt Library

The Dorothy Stimson Bullitt Library was founded in 1991. As of 2011 it contained 20,000 books and subscribed to 100 periodicals. It specializes in African art, contemporary art, decorative ars, European art, Modern art, and photography.[16]

McCaw Foundation Library of Asian Art

The McCaw Foundation Library of Asian Art was founded in 1933. As of 2011 it contained 15000 book volumes and subscribed to 100 periodicals. It specializes in Asian art.[16]

Facilities

Main facility
Seattle Art Museum expansion

The museum's main collection moved to its present location on First Avenue in December 1991; the museum's original building became the Seattle Asian Art Museum in 1994. The building, a limestone-covered rectangle with a streak of tile and terra cotta around its outside,[6] is located at University Street and First Avenue, and was completed by Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates at 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) with a $28.1 million budget.[17]

In 2006, the Seattle Art Museum began expanding its 1991 location in a joint effort with Washington Mutual (WaMu); the enlarged building was originally known as the WaMu Center. The expansion actually began in July 2004. Several pieces had to be temporarily moved to prevent them from being damaged due to vibrations during construction. This would have been the initial foundation phase of the WaMu Center. In addition to reworking the Venturi building, SAM now takes up the first four floors of a 16-floor building designed by Portland, Oregon architect Brad Cloepfil. SAM also owns the next eight floors, which WaMu originally rented; Washington Mutual owned the top four floors. As SAM expands in the future, it can take over one or more of the rented floors.[18]

Because of the construction, the museum's downtown location was closed from January 5, 2006 to May 5, 2007. The expanded building offers 70 percent more gallery space, an expanded museum store, and a new restaurant. In anticipation of the expansion, over a thousand new pieces, with a total value over a billion dollars, were donated to the collection.[19]

Washington Mutual's 2008 failure and subsequent acquisition by JPMorgan Chase resulted in Northwestern Mutual purchasing WaMu's share of the building September 9, 2009, and renaming it the Russell Investments Center. Currently, Russell Investments, a Northwestern Mutual subsidiary, is headquartered there, having relocated from Tacoma, Washington.

Admission to the SAM's indoor facilities is free on the first Thursday of each month; SAM also offers free admission the first Saturday of the month. And even the normal admission is suggested, meaning that the museum would like visitors to pay the complete admission but if they can not pay fully they can still enjoy the museum.[20]

Modern Art Pavilion

After the Century 21 Exposition, the fairgrounds became Seattle Center, and the UK Pavilion became the Modern Art Pavilion of the museum. It remained in use until 1987.[3]

Asian Art Museum
Seattle Asian Art Museum
Main article: Seattle Asian Art Museum

The Asian Art Museum has been located since 1994 in the original 1933 Deco/Moderne SAM facility in Volunteer Park on Seattle's Capitol Hill.

Olympic Sculpture Park
Olympic Sculpture Park
Main article: Olympic Sculpture Park

The Olympic Sculpture Park is a 9-acre (3.6 ha) free and open public park on the Seattle waterfront just north of downtown. It opened on January 20, 2007.[21][22]

Management

Governance

Amada Cruz was named director and CEO of the Seattle Art Museum in 2019.[23] She succeeded Kimberly Rorschach who served as director from 2012 to 2019.[24]

Funding

The Seattle Art Museum only receives 4% of its funding from the government; the rest of its operating costs are covered by ticket fees and its membership base. As of 2014, the museum has a $23 million budget.[25] As a result of the banking crisis, the museum in 2009 lost $5.8 million in annual rental and related income from its tenant Washington Mutual. It faced an accumulated debt of $56 million dating back from when the museum and Washington Mutual partnered on a new downtown building they intended to share. After the bank was sold to JPMorgan Chase in 2008, it left the museum with eight floors of office space, at a cost of about $5.8 million a year.[26][27] Help came in the form of grants from the JPMorgan Chase and the Gates Foundation.[28] The museum’s endowment for art purchases is currently at less than $7.8 million.[29]

Attendance

While the number of visitors has grown, the pattern is more complicated: 346,287 people visited the museum in its first year; in 1978 the traveling exhibit Treasures of Tutankhamun (shown in the facility at Seattle Center) drew 1.3 million visitors in a mere four months; 2007 attendance was 797,127.[30] In 2010, the exhibition "Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musée National Picasso, Paris" drew more than 405,000 people and was the museum's most-attended exhibition since it moved to its downtown location from Volunteer Park in 1991. In SAM's history, only the 1978 King Tut exhibition, held at Seattle Center, ranked higher in attendance.[31]

Notes
  1. Dave Wilma, "Seattle Art Museum opens in Volunteer Park on June 23, 1933", historylink.org, accessed March 11, 2007
  2. "SAM at 75", p. 11.
  3. "SAM at 75", p. 12.
  4. "SAM at 75", p. 13.
  5. Ferdinand M. De Leon, Money Troubles Cloud Opening Of New Seattle Art Museum, Seattle Times, December 1, 1991. Accessed online 19 June 2008.
  6. Timothy Egan (December 10, 1991), Museum By Venturi Opens In Seattle New York Times.
  7. David Wilma, Seattle Art Museum opens downtown on December 5, 1991, HistoryLink, September 5, 2001. Accessed online 19 June 2008.
  8. "SAM at 75", p. 14–15.
  9. David Wilma, Seattle Art Museum's Hammering Man falls on September 28, 1991, HistoryLink, September 5, 2001. Accessed online 19 June 2008.
  10. "Jason Sprinkle, 1969-2005: Celebrated acts of guerrilla art caused notoriety, changed him". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
  11. https://www.artforum.com/ (January 24, 2018), Seattle Asian Art Museum Moves Forward With $54 Million Expansion .
  12. Elfalan, Kierra (Feb 8, 2020). "Seattle Art Museum reopens historic building to Asian art exhibits". KING 5 News. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  13. "SAM at 75", p. 12–14.
  14. "SAM to Return Matisse Odalisque to Rosenbergs". Association of Art Museum Directors. June 14, 1999. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  15. Felicia R. Lee (June 16, 1999), Seattle Museum to Return Looted Work The New York Times.
  16. American Library Directory. 2 (64th ed.). Information Today, Inc. 2011–2012. pp. 2568–2576. ISBN 978-1-57387-411-3.
  17. "Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates website". Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  18. Sheila Farr, With a new home and new art, will museum gain new profile?, Seattle Times, May 1, 2007. Accessed online November 4, 2017.
  19. Sheila Farr, Seattle Art Museum gets $1 billion infusion of art, Seattle Times, March 31, 2007. Accessed online 7 May 2007.
  20. "Seattle Weekly: Pay What You Can at SAM". Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  21. Seattle Art Museum press release
  22. Seattle Parks Department official site
  23. Greenberger, Alex (June 10, 2019),Seattle Art Museum Names Amada Cruz Director and CEO ARTnews.
  24. Hilarie M. Sheets (March 7, 2014), Study Finds a Gender Gap at the Top Museums New York Times.
  25. Hilarie M. Sheets (March 7, 2014), Study Finds a Gender Gap at the Top Museums New York Times
  26. Jason Edward Kaufman (April 15, 2009), Troubles deepen for museums: layoffs, budget cuts and cancelled shows The Art Newspaper.
  27. Janet I. Tu (May 26, 2010), Budget forces Seattle Art Museum to close for 2 weeks next year Seattle Times.
  28. Javier Pes and Helen Stoilas (April 5, 2012), US museums rebuild but fears of relapse linger The Art Newspaper.
  29. Judith H. Dobrzynski (March 14, 2012), How an Acquisition Fund Burnishes Reputations New York Times.
  30. "SAM at 75", p. 10, 13.
  31. Janet I. Tu (May 10, 2011), Seattle Art Museum director Derrick Cartwright is resigning Seattle Times.

References
  • "SAM at 75", in the unnamed newsletter of the Seattle Art Museum, June 2008, 10–15.

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