Secondary education in Italy

A scuola secondaria di primo grado (aka scuola media), in Suzzara.

The scuola secondaria di primo grado (lower secondary school), commonly known as scuola media inferiore (literally lower middle school) or scuola media (middle school), it follows the definition of an ISCED 2011 Level 2 school.[1] It is compulsory for all pupils. It lasts for three years, roughly from age 11 to 14. It is the first stage of secondary education building on primary education, with a more subject-oriented curriculum where students are taught by subject specialists. It consolidates the subjects taught at the scuola primaria, adding technology and a language other than English (typically French or Spanish). [lower-alpha 1]

The middle school has a common program of study for all pupils; it covers all the classic subjects that would be recognised in an comprehensive school: Italian language and literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural sciences, English and a second foreign Language, technology, art, music, and physical education. [2]

The scuola secondaria di secondo grado (upper secondary school)– commonly known as scuola media superiore (literally high middle school) or scuola superiore (high school) – lasts five years.[lower-alpha 2] It follows closely the pattern of typical ISCED 2011 Level 3 school. The first two years when the student will be under 16 years old, are compulsory, the other three years are voluntary. There is an exam at the end of the final year, called esame di stato or, previously, the esame di maturità; this exam takes place every year between June and July.[3] The course is designed to give students the skills and qualifications needed to progress to university or higher education college.[4]

Students may choose what level of school to attend, there are three types of scuola secondaria di secondo grado that range from the academic to the vocational. All students follow a common course of core subjects during the first two years augmented by subjects from their elected specialism.[2]

• Liceo (lyceum) which is aimed at preparing students for university.
• Istituto tecnico (technical college)[5]^:17 which is the most common route, and still leads to a university entrance qualification.
• Istituto professionale (vocational college)[5]^:3 which includes practical work relating to a specific industry or trade.[2]

Programs of study are generally introduced at national level. Currently, most secondary schools provide some common structure and core subjects[6][5]^:3 (such as Italian language and literature, history, geography, philosophy, mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, one or more foreign language and physical education), while other topics are specific to one type of establishment (i.e. Ancient Greek and Latin in the Liceo Classico; economy and law in a istituto tecnico economico; scenography and music in a liceo artistico).[5]^:3

In 2013, the Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ranked the Italian secondary education as the 21st in the world, higher than the United States, around the OECD average,[7] and observes a gap between results in Northern Italian schools, which performed significantly better than the national average (among the best in the world in some subjects),[8] and Southern Italian schools, that had, on average, somewhat poorer results. Moreover, students in state-owned schools perform better than students in private schools. A typical Italian student is age 19 when they enter university, while in other countries 18 is the more common age.

Liceo

A high school in Palermo, the Liceo classico Vittorio Emanuele II, right next to the cathedral

The education offered by a liceo (lyceum) is mostly academic. Individual lyceums will cover the core subjects and specialise in specific fields of study; this may be the humanities, science, or art. The principal focus is to prepare students for university and higher education. [5]^:3

Types of liceo include:

• Liceo classico (classics) (1859) – dedicated to humanities, with Latin, Ancient Greek, Italian, history and philosophy as the principal subjects.[5]^:4
• Liceo scientifico (scientific lyceum) (from 1911) – dedicated to scientific studies, shares a part of its program with liceo classico in teaching Italian, Latin, history and philosophy, but is more oriented towards mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, earth science and computer science.[5]^:6
• Liceo linguistico (MFL) (from 1973) – puts emphasis on modern foreign languages learning; the languages usually taught are English, French, Spanish and German – although recently Russian, Arabic and Chinese have been introduced as well. As in liceo classico, also mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, earth science, history and philosophy are taught.[5]^:9
• Liceo delle scienze umane (human sciences). This became classed as a lyceum in 1998. Previously this had been called – scuola normale, (normal school)(1859 - 1923), then – istituto magistrale, (magistral institute)(1923 - 1998) – here the emphasis is more on relational, behavioural and educational, such as pedagogy, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and social research. It replaces the previous normal school which once trained primary school teachers.[5]^:7
• Liceo artistico (artistic lyceum) (from 1923) – which is oriented toward arts teaching – both in a theoretical (i.e. art history) and practical (i.e. drawing sessions) way. Its subjects are painting, sculpture, decoration, graphics, design, audiovisual, multimedia, scenography and architecture.[5]^:11
• Liceo musicale e coreutico (music and dance lyceum) (from 2010) – often linked with a conservatory, which comprises two sectors:
  • musicale – which specializes in music and teaches students to play an instrument.
  • coreutico – which specializes in dance and choreography.

Historically:

• Liceo moderno (modern languages) (1911–1923) – dedicated to foreign languages, featuring Latin, Italian, French, one other foreign language (English or German), History and Geography.

Istituto tecnico

A high school in Lodi, the Istituto tecnico economico Agostino Bassi.

The education given in an istituto tecnico (technical) offers both a wide theoretical education and a highly qualified technical specialization in a specific field of studies (e.g.: economy, humanities, administration, law, accountancy, tourism, information technology), often integrated with a three-six months internship in a company, association or university, during the fifth and last year of study.[5]^:17

Types of istituto tecnico include:

• Istituto tecnico economico (economic institute) – dedicated to economics and management, offers a broad theoretical education oriented toward specific subjects, such as law, economy, politics, and accountancy; it comprises two sub-types:
  • Amministrazione, finanza e marketing (administration, finance and marketing) – which specialises in economy, law, accounting, political sciences, management and marketing
  • Sistemi Informativi Aziendali (IT) – which specialises in IT and Information Systems
  • Turismo (Tourism) – which specialises in tourism and related topics
• Istituto tecnico tecnologico (technological institute) – specialized in: technology, informatics, electronics, chemical industry, biotechnology, construction management, geotechnics, fashion;[5]^:21 it comprises nine sub-types:
  • Meccanica, meccatronica ed energia (mechanics, mechatronics and energy)
  • Trasporti e logistica (transport and logistics)
  • Elettronica ed elettrotecnica (electronics and electrical engineering)
  • Informatica e telecomunicazioni (IT and telecommunications)
  • Grafica e comunicazioni (graphics and communications)
  • Chimica, materiali e biotecnologie (chemistry, materials and biotechnology)
  • Sistema moda (fashion system)
  • Agraria, agroalimentare e agroindustria (agriculture, agro-food and agro-industry)
  • Costruzioni (building)

The Italian school system also features the scuola serale (evening school), aimed at adults and working students.

The istituto d'arte was once a specific type of istituto professionale which offered an education focused on art history and drawing. Today it forms part of the liceo artistico.

Every kind of Italian secondary high school ends with an examination whose final score is on a 100-point scale:

• up to 40 points for the general marks obtained through the last three years. (Students with an average mark of nine are awarded with, respectively, 12 points for the third to last year, 13 points for the penultimate year, and 15 points for the final year. Students barely passing each year are awarded 24 points in total.)
• up to 40 points on three different written tests:[9]
  • Prima prova (first test, up to 20 points), an Italian language written test, decided at national level and the same for all examinees: either textual comprehension and critique, or the writing of an essay (a first test judged sufficient is awarded at least 13 points). In those parts of Italy where Italian is not the only official language, the first test can be alternatively held in the local co-official language (German in the province of Bolzano, Slovenian in some areas of the province of Trieste and Ladin in some municipalities of the provinces of Trento and Bolzano)[10]
  • seconda prova (second test, up to 20 points), a written test on a subject dependent on the kind of school attended, decided at national level for each different path (a second test judged sufficient is awarded at least 13 points)
• colloquio orale (oral interview, up to 20 points), an overall oral test (prova orale) regarding all the subjects of the last year. During the oral test, the exam committee grades a presentation made by the examinee related to the final year's arguments and poses questions related to the presentation or to the previous tests (an oral test judged sufficient is awarded at least 13 points)[9]
• up to five points (to a maximum of 100) in cases the examining board judges appropriate to meriting students whom, at the end of the third written test, had at least 70 points in total.

Students are examined by an exam committee which is divided equally between their own teachers and teachers from other schools. The first and second tests are written by the Ministry of Education, while the third test and the oral test are prepared and administered by the exam committee.[9]

The total score is the sum of the pre-exam score, the written tests' scores and the oral test score. If the total points exceed 100, the final score is reduced to 100. If the total points exceed 101, the final score becomes 100 con lode (100 cum laude). The secondary high school exam is passed with a score of 60 or more, and any secondary high school diploma is valid for access to any university course of any university faculty.

The secondary high school exam is officially called esame di Stato (state exam), although the old name esame di maturità (maturity exam) is still in common use.

Education and certificate awarded:

• Education in Italy
• List of schools in Italy
• Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)

• OECD Report Education in Italy