Siege of Myitkyina

The Siege of Myitkyina was an engagement during the Burma Campaign of World War II. The Allied victory was part of the larger operation of North Burma & Yunnan which succeeded in opening the Ledo Road.

Siege of Myitkyina
Part of the Burma Campaign of the Pacific War

An American M1A1 75-mm pack howitzer supports GALAHAD's operations at Myitkyina.
Date17 May – 3 August 1944[1]
Location
Result Allied victory
Territorial
changes
Myitkyina airfield and town captured by the Allies
Belligerents
 China
 United States
United Kingdom
 Japan
Commanders and leaders
Wei Li-huang
Joseph Stilwell
Genzo Mizukami [1]
Strength
Chinese Expeditionary Force
Northern Combat Area Command
Garrison from 56th division (3,000)
Casualties and losses
Chinese[2]
972 killed
3,184 wounded
188 invalid
U.S.
272 killed
955 wounded
980 invalid
2,400 killed, wounded, captured[3]
Advance to Myitkyina

Background

Joseph Stilwell intended to make a rapid march against Myitkyina prophesying it to be a "feat which will live in military history", wanting the town for the nearby airstrip, strategically vital to the campaign as it would be an invaluable source of supplies and aerial support in the notoriously difficult jungle fighting in the China-Burma-India theater. Chinese Expeditionary Force commander Wei Lihuang also played a fundamental role in striking the Imperial Japanese Army. Sun li-Jen, as the second commander of the new Chinese 1st Army, one of the best of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army. The 1st Army has since changed their equipment from old, unsuitable-for-combat caps into US-supplied M1 helmets, and had exchanged their bolt-action Type Zhongzheng rifles for newer American and British weaponry. In addition to that, the Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEF) had finally received artillery and air support from the US and British forces as well, giving them a distinct advantage against the now-malnourished, low-morale Japanese forces around Myitkyina. The US and British played a relatively minor role during the battle, although they also had combat units, such as the famed 'Merrill's Marauders', active in the fighting.

Siege

Stilwell gave the Chinese 22nd Division orders to advance against the bridges held by the Japanese on March 15. After two months of fighting, Myitkyina was now in reach. With the arrival of the rainy season, the incessant rain didn't stop until May 17. On that day, at 10:00 p.m., the Chinese Expeditionary Force launched an attack with the U.S. Army's 'Merrill's Marauders' unit against the Japanese airstrip at Myitkyina, supported by artillery. Eight Japanese planes were quickly destroyed as the battle escalated. The Japanese were caught by surprise, and, not knowing where their enemies were, poured gasoline onto the airfield in an attempt to disable it and retreated into Myitkyina proper, intending to fight the Chinese and Americans on more favorable terms there. The Chinese and the Americans quickly overran the field relatively intact, whereupon U.S. Army Air Forces and Royal Air Force C-47 transport aircraft moved the Chinese 89th Regiment of the 30th Division to the battlefield to supplement the exhausted C.E.F. and Marauder units already at Myitkyina.

Afterward, some Chinese units attacked the town itself, but the attack was soon called off when two Chinese battalions, in the confusion and excitement of the battle, mistakenly engaged each other in a fierce firefight, and when two other battalions were moved in, they too repeated the mistake.

A stalemate ensued throughout June, but the capture of Mogaung by the British Chindits under Mike Calvert later that month was the beginning of the end for the Japanese garrison at Myitkyina. With supply lines cut, infighting grew between the two local Japanese commanders over their orders regarding the defence of the town. Stillwell had demanded that the Chindits join them but they were whittled down by disease and combat. Stillwell nevertheless was reinforced by the arrival of elements of Francis Festing's 36th Division from 15 July Myitkyina airfield. On hearing of the weakening Japanese garrison in Myitkyina, Stillwell sent that Division not to take Myitkyina but to advance on the 'Railway Corridor' from Mogaung towards Indaw on the right flank of NCAC.[4]

On 26 Jul, the American 3rd Battalion of the Marauders made a significant gain by capturing the northern air field at Myitkyina and over the next week Japanese resistance was noticeably weaker.[5]

On August 3, General Genzo Mizukami ordered the town abandoned and took his life in a literal compliance to "defend Myitkyina to the death" as the Chinese and US forces gradually cleared the city and the surrounding area of Japanese troops.[6]

Aftermath

The operations against Myitkyina was particularly hard on the Chinese Expeditionary Force, due to the hard fighting, lack of supplies, difficult terrain, and disease. Owing to excessive casualties, the unit effectively ceased to exist as a fighting force and was therefore disbanded. The long-awaited taking of Myitkyina and its airfield allowed for the opening of the Ledo Road, connecting the old Burma Road with China. The Chinese forces' casualties were the highest among all the battles during the Chinese-intervention of Burma Campaign.

Order of Battle

American-Chinese order of battle[7] Japanese order of battle[8]

Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command: General Joseph Stilwell

Chinese Expeditionary Force: General Wei Li-huang

  • 11 Army Group: Song Xilian
    • 2 Army: Wang Ling-yun
    • 6 Army: Huang Chieh
    • 71 Army: Chung Pin
  • 20th Army Group: Huo Kuizhang
    • 53 Army: Chou Fu-chen
    • 54 Army: Chueh Han-chien
    • 8 Army: Ho Shao-chou

33rd Japanese Army: General Hondo Masaki

  • 2 Division: Okazaki
  • 18 Division: Tanaka
  • 53 Division: Takeda
  • 56 Division: Matsuyama
  • 24 Independent Mixed Brigade: Hayashi
  • Myitkyina: Genzo Mizukami

References

  1. Jaques, Tony (2007) Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O (p.700)
  2. China-Buma-India Command
  3. China-Buma-India Command, page 253; only about 600 men of the garrison escaped.
  4. Pitt, Barrie (1966). Hart, Basil Henry Liddell (ed.). History of the Second World War, Volume 6 History of the Second World War. Purnell. p. 2584.
  5. United States Department of State (1961). Newsletter. Bureau of Administration. p. 13.
  6. Pacific War Online
  7. Pacific War Online
  8. Pacific War Online
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