Sinope (moon)

Sinope /sɪˈnoʊpiː/ is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914,[1] and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.

Sinope
Sinope photographed by the Haute-Provence Observatory on 14 August 1998
Discovery [1]
Discovered bySeth B. Nicholson
Discovery siteLick Observatory
Discovery date21 July 1914
Designations
Designation
Jupiter IX
Pronunciation/sɪˈnoʊpiː/[2][3]
Named after
Σινώπη Sinōpē
AdjectivesSinopean[4] /saɪnəˈpiːən/[5]
Orbital characteristics [6]
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Observation arc103.87 yr (37,938 days)
0.1629144 AU (24,371,650 km)
Eccentricity0.3366550
–777.29 d
(2.13 years)
71.53524°
0° 27m 47.33s / day
Inclination158.63840° (to ecliptic)
8.61437°
60.30205°
Satellite ofJupiter
GroupPasiphae group
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
35.0±0.6 km[7]
13.16±0.10 h[8]
Albedo0.042±0.006[7]
18.3[9]
11.1[6]

    Sinope did not receive its present name until 1975;[10][11] before then, it was simply known as Jupiter IX. It was sometimes called "Hades"[12] between 1955 and 1975.

    Sinope was the outermost known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000.

    Orbit
    Pasiphae group.

    Sinope orbits Jupiter on a high-eccentricity and high-inclination retrograde orbit. Its orbit is continuously changing due to solar and planetary perturbations.[13] Sinope is believed to belong to the Pasiphae group of retrograde irregular moons.[14] However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group.[15] The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other satellites of the group.

    Sinope is also known to be in a secular resonance with Jupiter, similar to Pasiphae. However, Sinope can drop out of this resonance and has periods of both resonant and non-resonant behaviour in time scales of 107 years.[16]

    Physical characteristics
    Sinope observed by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) spacecraft in 2014

    From measurements of its thermal emission, Sinope has an estimated diameter of 35 km (22 mi).[7] Sinope is red (colour indices B−V=0.84, R−V=0.46),[15] unlike Pasiphae, which is grey.

    Sinope's infrared spectrum is similar to those of D-type asteroids but different from that of Pasiphae.[17] These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.

    See also

    References
    1. Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 26 (1): 197–198. Bibcode:1914PASP...26..197N. doi:10.1086/122336. PMC 1090718. PMID 16586574.
    2. "Sinope". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
    3. Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
    4. Sergey Vnukov (2010) "Sinopean Amphorae of the Roman Period", Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16
    5. Hector Stuart (1876) Ben Nebo, and Other Poems, p. 22
    6. "M.P.C. 111777" (PDF). Minor Planet Circular. Minor Planet Center. 25 September 2018.
    7. Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Mainzer, A. K.; Masiero, J. R.; Nugent, C. R.; Cutri, R. M.; et al. (August 2015). "NEOWISE: Observations of the Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn". The Astrophysical Journal. 809 (1): 9. arXiv:1505.07820. Bibcode:2015ApJ...809....3G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/3. S2CID 5834661. 3.
    8. Luu, Jane (September 1991). "CCD photometry and spectroscopy of the outer Jovian satellites". Astronomical Journal. 102: 1213–1225. Bibcode:1991AJ....102.1213L. doi:10.1086/115949. ISSN 0004-6256.
    9. Sheppard, Scott. "Scott S. Sheppard - Jupiter Moons". Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Carnegie Institution for Science. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
    10. Nicholson, S. B. (April 1939). "The Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 51 (300): 85–94. Bibcode:1939PASP...51...85N. doi:10.1086/125010. (in which he declines to name the recently discovered satellites (pp. 93–94))
    11. IAUC 2846: Satellites of Jupiter 1974 October (naming the moon)
    12. Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia; Katherine Haramundanis (1970). Introduction to Astronomy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-478107-4.
    13. Jacobson, R. A. (2000). "The orbits of outer Jovian satellites" (PDF). Astronomical Journal. 120 (5): 2679–2686. Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2679J. doi:10.1086/316817.
    14. Sheppard, S. S.; and Jewitt, D. C.; An Abundant Population of Small Irregular Satellites Around Jupiter, Nature, Vol. 423 (May 2003), pp. 261-263
    15. Grav, T.; Holman, M. J.; Gladman, B. J.; and Aksnes, K.; Photometric Survey of the Irregular Satellites, Icarus, Vol. 166 (2003), pp. 33-45
    16. Nesvorný, D.; Beaugé, C. & Dones, L. (2004). "Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (3): 1768–1783. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.1768N. doi:10.1086/382099.
    17. Grav, T.; Holman, M. J. (2004). "Near-Infrared Photometry of the Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn". The Astrophysical Journal. 605 (2): L141–L144. arXiv:astro-ph/0312571. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605L.141G. doi:10.1086/420881. S2CID 15665146.
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