Sticta

Sticta
	Sticta carolinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Order:	Peltigerales
Family:	Lobariaceae
Genus:	Sticta; (Schreb.) Ach. (1803)
Type species
	Sticta sylvatica; (Huds.) Ach. (1803)

Sticta is a genus of lichens in the family Lobariaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical areas, and includes about 114 species.[1] These lichens have a leafy appearance, and are colored brown or black. Sticta species with cyanobacteria as photobionts can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and due to their relative abundance and high turnover, they contribute appreciably to the rainforest ecosystem. They are commonly called spotted felt lichens.[2]

Description

The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the thalli, are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of 2 to 5 centimetres (0.8 to 2.0 in) in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a tomentum), with a few craters, called cyphellae. Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called isidia or soredia are often present on species in this genus; apothecia (cup-shaped fertile spore bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Sticta species are primarily tropical in distribution, but some species have been reported from as north as Norway,[4] and as far south as the southern tip of South America.[5]

Most species of Sticta grow on bark, wood, or mossy rock, usually in humid areas.[3]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic analysis of small and large ribosomal RNA subunits has confirmed that the genus Sticta is monophyletic.[6][7]

Indicators of ecological continuity

Some epiphytic lichen species may be used as "ancient woodland indicators"; they can used to quantitatively assess the degree to which a forest has had a long history of canopy continuity.[8] The presence of these species is a reliable indicator that the forest has existed back to early medieval times, without being clear-cut and regrown. Two Sticta species, namely, S. dufournii or the blue-green algal morphotype S. canariensis, are among several species of lichens that may be used to calculate the New Index of Ecological Continuity (NIEC), considered the most sensitive and accurate determination of forest continuity.[9]

Bioactive compounds

A comprehensive comparative study on the antioxidant activity of lichens from Hawaii and Iceland revealed the Hawaiian lichen S. weigelii to be a potent producer of antioxidative compounds.[10]

Species

Sticta acyphellata Moncada & Lücking (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta alpinotropica Aptroot (2008)
Sticta antoniana Moncada & Lücking (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta aongstroemii Dal Forno, Moncada & Lücking (2018)
Sticta arachnofuliginosa Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta arbuscula Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta arbusculotomentosa Moncada & Betanc. (2015)
Sticta atlantica Magain & Sérus. (2015)[12] – Europe
Sticta atroandensis Moncada & Lücking (2013)
Sticta baileyi D.J.Galloway (1998)[13] – Australia
Sticta borinquensis Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta brevior Moncada & Lücking (2013)
Sticta brevipes (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1925)
Sticta caliginosa D.J.Galloway (1983)
Sticta camarae Müll.Arg. (1882)
Sticta canariensis (Bory) Bory ex Delise (1822)
Sticta caperata (Nyl.) Nyl. (1863)
Sticta carolinensis T.McDonald (2003)
Sticta ciliata Taylor (1836) – Neotropics; Africa; Macaronesia; Western Europe
Sticta corymbosa Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta cyphellulata (Müll.Arg.) Hue (1901)
Sticta dendroides (Nyl.) Moncada, Lücking & de Lange (2018)
Sticta densiphyllidiata Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta deyana Lendemer & Goffinet (2015)
Sticta diversa (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1925)
Sticta duplolimbata (Hue) Vain. (1913)
Sticta emmanueliana Moncada, Lücking & Lumbsch (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta filix (Sw.) Nyl. (1867)
Sticta flavireagens (Gyeln.) Diederich & Ertz (2020)
Sticta flavocyphellata D.J.Galloway (1998)[13] – Australia
Sticta flynnii Moncada & Lücking (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta fragilinata T.McDonald (2003)

Sticta fragilinata in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina

Sticta fuliginoides Magain & Sérus. (2015)[12] – Continental Europe; Canary Islands; eastern North America; Colombia
Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. (1803) – widespread
Sticta fuscotomentosa Moncada, Coca & Lücking (2015)
Sticta gallowayana Moncada & Lucking (2015)
Sticta globulifuliginosa Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)
Sticta guilartensis Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta harrisii Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta hawaiiensis Moncada & Lücking (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta hirsutifuliginosa Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)
Sticta howei D.J.Galloway (1998)[13] – Australia
Sticta humboldtii Hook. (1822)
Sticta hypopsiloides Nyl. (1861)
Sticta indica D.D.Awasthi & Upreti (2010)
Sticta isidiokunthii Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta jaguirreana Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)
Sticta laciniosa D.J.Galloway (1994)
Sticta latifrons A.Rich. (1832)
Sticta leucoblephara (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. (1803)
Sticta lobarioides Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta lumbschiana Moncada & Lücking (2013)
Sticta macrocyphellata Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta macrofuliginosa Moncada & Lücking (2015)
Sticta macrothallina Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta maculofuliginosa Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta marginifera Mont. (1842)
Sticta martinii D.J.Galloway (1983)
Sticta mexicana D.J.Galloway (2004)
Sticta microcyphellata Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta minutula Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)
Sticta myrioloba (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (1998)[13] – Australia
Sticta nashii D.J.Galloway (2004)
Sticta neopulmonarioides Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta papillata Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta parahumboldtii Moncada & Lücking (2013)
Sticta parvilobata Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta pedunculata Kremp. (1874)
Sticta phyllidiifuliginosa Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)
Sticta phyllidiokunthii Moncada & Lücking (2013)
Sticta plumbeociliata Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)
Sticta pseudohumboldtii Moncada & Lücking (2013)
Sticta pseudolobaria Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta pulmonarioides Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta riparia Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta rhizinata Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta rubropruinosa Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta rutilans (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1925)
Sticta sayeri Müll.Arg. (1888)
Sticta silverstonei Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta sinuosa Pers. (1827)
Sticta smithii Moncada & Lücking (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta stipitata C.Knight (1891)
Sticta subfilicinella Moncada, Coca & Lücking (2015)
Sticta sublimbata (J.Steiner) Swinscow & Krog (1983)
Sticta subtomentella (C.Knight ex Shirley) Zahlbr. (1925)
Sticta swartzii D.J.Galloway (1994)
Sticta sylvatica (Huds.) Ach. (1803) – continental Europe; Andes (Colombia)
Sticta tainorum Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)[14] – Puerto Rico
Sticta tatamana Moncada & Coca (2013)
Sticta tesselata Øvstedal (2010)
Sticta torii Ant. Simon & Goward (2018)
Sticta tunjensis Moncada & Lücking (2012)
Sticta variabilis Ach. (1810)
Sticta venosa Lücking, Moncada & Robayo (2011)
Sticta viviana Alej. Suárez & Lücking (2013)
Sticta waikamoi Moncada & Lücking (2020)[11] – Hawaii
Sticta xanthotropa (Kremp.) D.J.Galloway (2004)

References

Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 666. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Plant Profile for Sticta (spotted felt lichen), USDA
Geiser L, McCune B (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0-87071-394-9.
Jørgensen PR. "Sticta dufourii Del. and its parasymbiont Arthonia abelonae P.M. Jørg. n. sp. in Norway". Nova Hedwigia. 18: 331–40.
Galloway DJ (1994). "Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: I. Southern South American species". The Lichenologist. 26 (3): 223–82. doi:10.1006/lich.1994.1019.
Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2003). "Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 449–64. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.449. PMID 21653401. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
Stenroos SE, Stocker-Wörgötter I, Yoshimura L, Myllis A, Hyvönen TJ (2003). "Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobariaphotomorphs". Canadian Journal of Botany. 81 (3): 232–47. doi:10.1139/b03-027.
Gilbert, pp. 70–71.
Gilbert, pp. 257–59.
Hagiwara K, Wright PR, et al. (March 2015). "Comparative analysis of the antioxidant properties of Icelandic and Hawaiian lichens". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (8): 2319–2325. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12850. PMID 25808912.
Moncada, Bibiana; Luecking, Robert Karl; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2020). "Rewriting the evolutionary history of the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae subfam. Lobarioideae) in the Hawaiian islands". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 95–119. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0005.
Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2015). "Dismantling the treasured flagship lichen Sticta fuliginosa (Peltigerales) into four species in Western Europe". Mycological Progress. 14 (10). doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1109-0.
Galloway, D. J. (1998). "Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: V*. Australian species". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 15 (1): 117–160. doi:10.11646/bde.15.1.12.
Mercado‐Díaz, Joel A.; Lücking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Widhelm, Todd J.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2020). "Elucidating species richness in lichen fungi: The genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) in Puerto Rico". Taxon. 69 (5): 851–891. doi:10.1002/tax.12320.

Cited literature

Gilbert OL. (2000). Lichens. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-220082-1.

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[Kirk2008-1] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 666. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

[2] Plant Profile for Sticta (spotted felt lichen), USDA

[isbn0-87071-394-9-3] Geiser L, McCune B (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0-87071-394-9.

[4] Jørgensen PR. "Sticta dufourii Del. and its parasymbiont Arthonia abelonae P.M. Jørg. n. sp. in Norway". Nova Hedwigia. 18: 331–40.

[5] Galloway DJ (1994). "Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: I. Southern South American species". The Lichenologist. 26 (3): 223–82. doi:10.1006/lich.1994.1019.

[6] Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2003). "Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 449–64. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.449. PMID 21653401. Retrieved 2010-03-07.

[7] Stenroos SE, Stocker-Wörgötter I, Yoshimura L, Myllis A, Hyvönen TJ (2003). "Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobariaphotomorphs". Canadian Journal of Botany. 81 (3): 232–47. doi:10.1139/b03-027.

[8] Gilbert, pp. 70–71.

[9] Gilbert, pp. 257–59.

[10] Hagiwara K, Wright PR, et al. (March 2015). "Comparative analysis of the antioxidant properties of Icelandic and Hawaiian lichens". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (8): 2319–2325. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12850. PMID 25808912.

[Moncada_et_al._2020-11] Moncada, Bibiana; Luecking, Robert Karl; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2020). "Rewriting the evolutionary history of the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae subfam. Lobarioideae) in the Hawaiian islands". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 95–119. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0005.

[Magain_&_Sérusiaux_2015-12] Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2015). "Dismantling the treasured flagship lichen Sticta fuliginosa (Peltigerales) into four species in Western Europe". Mycological Progress. 14 (10). doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1109-0.

[Galloway_1998-13] Galloway, D. J. (1998). "Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: V*. Australian species". Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. 15 (1): 117–160. doi:10.11646/bde.15.1.12.

[Mercado‐Díaz_et_al._2020-14] Mercado‐Díaz, Joel A.; Lücking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Widhelm, Todd J.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2020). "Elucidating species richness in lichen fungi: The genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) in Puerto Rico". Taxon. 69 (5): 851–891. doi:10.1002/tax.12320.