Tales (video game series)

Since the first installment was released in 1995, the Tales series has grown to include the main entries and multiple spin-offs that derive multiple gameplay and narrative elements from the main entries.[2][3][4] Except when indicated by naming, the main Tales entries are separate from each other apart from gameplay mechanics and themes.[5][6] While Tales titles are often ported to new consoles after their original release, these remakes are rarely localized.[7] The 2006 Nintendo DS game Tales of the Tempest was originally seen as a main entry in the series, but in 2007 was classified as a spin-off, possibly due to poor reception of that particular title.[2][8]

The series debuted on the Super Famicom with Tales of Phantasia in 1995, and introduced multiple elements that would become staples of the Tales series.[9] It was released in the west on the Game Boy Advance in 2006. It was also ported to the PlayStation, PlayStation Portable and iOS.[10][11][12] The PlayStation received two original Tales games: Tales of Destiny in 1997, which was the first title to be released in North America,[13] and Tales of Eternia in 2000, which was released in North America as Tales of Destiny 2 in 2001.[14]

Five titles have been released on the PlayStation 2. The true direct sequel to Destiny, Tales of Destiny 2, was released on the PlayStation 2 in 2001 across Asian territories, and ported to the PlayStation Portable in Japan in 2007; both versions have yet to receive a western release.[15][16] Tales of Symphonia was released in Japan on the PS2 and Nintendo GameCube. The GameCube version was also released North America and Europe.[17][18] It was the first entry to feature 3D graphics for its characters and environments and the first to be released in Europe.[9][19] Tales of Rebirth was released in 2004,[20] ported to the PlayStation Portable in 2008, and has yet to receive a western localization.[21] Tales of Legendia and Tales of the Abyss were both released in Japan in 2005, with both being released in North America the following year.[22][23] Legendia was the first and only Tales game developed by Namco internal development team "Project Melfes",[24] while Abyss was developed by the same team that developed Symphonia, and used its same graphics engine.[19] Abyss was later ported to the Nintendo 3DS and released in Japan, North America and Europe.[25][26]

Tales of Innocence was released in Japan on the Nintendo DS in 2007.[27] A remake of the game, Innocence R was released on the PlayStation Vita in 2012.[28] Neither version has been released in the west.[29] The first release on seventh-generation consoles, Tales of Vesperia for Xbox 360, was released in Japan and North America in 2008 and in Europe in 2009.[30][31][32] A Japan-exclusive PlayStation 3 port was released in 2009 as well.[33] Tales of Hearts was released on the Nintendo DS in 2008.[34] A remake, Hearts R, was released in 2013 in Japan and 2014 in North America and Europe.[4][35]

The twelfth entry, Tales of Graces, released on the Wii in Japan in 2009.[36] A PlayStation 3 port, Graces f, was released in 2010 in Japan, and in 2012 in North America and Europe.[36][37][38] Tales of Xillia, the series' 15th anniversary title,[39] was released in Japan for PlayStation 3 in 2011,[40] and in North America and Europe in 2013.[41][42] Xillia's direct sequel and the fourteenth main title, Tales of Xillia 2, was released in 2012 in Japan and 2014 in North America and Europe.[43][44][45] The fifteenth main title, Tales of Zestiria, was released in January 2015 in Japan and it was released in North America on 20 October 2015.[4][46][47] The sixteenth main title, Tales of Berseria, was released in Japan for PS3 and PlayStation 4 in August 2016.[48] Tales of Arise, designed as a departure from series conventions, is set for a 2020 release for modern consoles and PC.[49][50]

The series has received a small number of sequels, and a large amount of spin-off titles and subseries. With the exception of Tempest, worked on by multiple staff from the main series and treated as a precursor to Innocence, they are derivative rather than original works.[3][51] Three direct sequels have been produced: Destiny 2, Xillia 2 and Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World.[4] Eternia received an MMORPG spin-off for PC platforms titled Tales of Eternia Online.[52] Multiple crossover games have been made for mobile platforms, including Tales of Link, the Tales of Mobile series, Tales of Card Evolve, Tales of Kizna and Tales of Asteria.[53][54][55][56] Two titles for the PlayStation Portable have been released in Japan: Tales of VS. in 2009,[57] and Tales of the Heroes: Twin Brave in 2012.[58] The main spin-off subseries is Tales of the World, which has grown to include ten games beginning with Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon, released in Japan on the Game Boy Color in 2000.[59] Only Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology has been released in the west.[60] A second subseries, Tales of Fandom, includes two games released respectively for the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 in 2002 and 2007.[61][62] On February 28, 2017, they had released another mobile Tales game called Tales of the Rays in Japan and July 24, 2017 worldwide. On March 28, 2018, however, Tales of Links ended their service, and a day after the closure, they announced the global version of Tales of the Rays would end their service as well on May 29, 2018.[63][64] It was announced on September 11, 2018, via its Japanese Twitter account, a new mobile Tales game was in development titled Tales of Crestoria[65] It was released on July 16, 2020 worldwide.

The Tales series has expanded into other media, including CD dramas, manga and anime. Multiple Tales games have been adapted into anime OVAs and TV series. The Symphonia OVA was released in three parts between 2007 and 2011, and released as a single collection in 2013.[66] Abyss was adapted into a 26-episode TV series between October 2008 and March 2009.[67] Phantasia and Eternia have also received anime adaptations.[68] The series' first theatrical film, a prequel to Vesperia called Tales of Vesperia: The First Strike, was released in 2009 in Japan and 2012 in North America.[69] A made-for-television anime based on the opening sections of Zestiria, Dawn of the Shepard, was produced as part of the 20th anniversary celebrations related to the title. It was also released on the game disc.[70] A full series based on Zestiria began airing in July 2016.[71]

Books and audio dramas have also been made. Phantasia received multiple CD dramas, including four collected into anthologies in January and March 2000.[72][73] and a stand-alone drama in December 2001.[74] Symphonia received seven audio dramas.[75] Two CD dramas for Legendia were respectively released in August and September 2005.[76][77] A manga of Phantasia was written and serialized in 2008 and 2009,[78] while Abyss received three manga adaptations in the years after its release.[79] Symphonia was adapted in both novelizations and a manga serial.[80] Others to receive adaptations of these kinds are Destiny, Graces and Xillia.[81][82][83][84][85]

The Tales series is classified as a role-playing video game series. Multiple gameplay elements carry over from entry to entry. The main unifying element is the combat system, the Linear Motion Battle System (LMBS for short). Considered as one of the mainstays and building blocks for every main entry in the series, it undergoes multiple incremental changes and alterations from one installment to the next.[86] Introduced in Phantasia, it is a real-time fighting system similar to a brawler, as opposed to the majority of RPGs at the time of Phantasia's release, which primarily used turn-based battle systems.[9]

Some features introduced in certain games have proven popular enough to remain in future installments like "Free Running" (the ability for a character to freely roam the battlefield).[87] Elements of turn-based combat are also present, though to a lesser degree: an example of this is Destiny's "Chain Capacity" feature (the number of skills a character can perform), which appears in later games in the series.[39][87] The battle system for Legendia was deliberately designed to be similar to a brawler: the stated reason was that the team wished to combine brawler combat with the story and leveling mechanics of a Tales game.[88] Characters generally use Artes, which are special attacks characters can perform in battle.[89] Players can usually only control one character,[90] though a multiplayer option was implemented for Destiny and has reappeared in later Tales games.[91][92][93]

The battle system's name for each installment is augmented with descriptive titles representative of features of that game's battle system: examples are the "Style Shift" system from Graces (characters shifting between two types of Artes) and the "Fusionic-Chain" system from Zestiria (a human character merging with a magical character for a brief period to deal greater damage).[94][95] Characters are awarded with "Titles", nicknames that sometimes grant benefits to them in battle when assigned to them.[96] In the majority of Tales games, when navigating the overworld or environment and encountering an enemy, combat took place on a separate battle screen. For Zestiria, combat took place in the same space as exploration.[97]

Most Tales games have skits, side conversations between different characters that can be both dramatic and comedic in nature. They are commonly portrayed as character portraits or profiles, with text along the bottom of the screen. They were first introduced in Tales of Destiny, though the majority were cut from the English release.[98][99] In the original English GameCube release of Symphonia, the voice track for the skits was removed, but for its HD re-release, the Japanese voice track, and consequently the skit voice tracks, were included.[100] The first English release to include fully voiced skits was Vesperia: they had been planned for Abyss, but were cut due to space issues.[91] Another recurring feature is the Cooking system, where characters learn and prepare dishes to restore health and forms of experience points.[101] In Tales of Crestoria, unlike the previous titles, the combat system is a turn-based RPG, which is very rare in the series.[102]

The prominent narrative theme of the Tales series is the issue of coexistence between different races.[4] A particular example of this is Tales of Rebirth, which extensively explores themes of racism. Scenario writer Hiramatsu Masaki was inspired by the ethnic conflicts seen in Yugoslavia.[103] Another recurring feature is the plot and characters, which are often rooted in and revolve around themes such as justice or faith.[104] The theme for each entry in the series is decided by the series producer based on current world events.[105] The chosen theme helps dictate what the game will be called: once the theme is decided, the team search through various languages to find a suitable representative word.[106] The narratives of each story were described by Gamasutra as "very typical" during a 2008 interview with staff members, although it was not elaborated upon by the interviewer. The interviewers suggested that this point of view was based on the fact that western fans were not generally experienced in Japanese culture, and so would see the stories in each entry as similar. The writers for each game are hired on a per-project basis, with both freelancers and in-house story writers being involved. Two of the recurring writers are Takumi Miyajima (Symphonia and Abyss), and Naoki Yamamoto (Hearts, Xillia, Zestiria).[19][107] There are very few mainline games that share a setting: Symphonia takes place along the same "time axis" as Phantasia, while Zestiria and Berseria take place on the same world at different time periods.[108][109]

The settings for the stories are primarily high fantasy worlds, with the producers opting not to use a dark or science fiction-based setting.[110] An exception is Xillia 2, which mostly took place in a modern setting, and explored darker themes than usual. This direction was confirmed as a one-off experiment for the series.[105] The main characters play a key role in the Tales games, as it is partially through them that the main theme of each entry is depicted.[105] For Abyss, it was decided to take a risk and create an unorthodox protagonist that would be initially unlikable.[111] For Vesperia, the team opted to raise the age limit of the target audience, showing this in the game by making the main protagonist a more mature type.[19] A female main protagonist was included for the first time in Xillia in the form of Milla Maxwell alongside male protagonist Jude Mathis, although at the time it was stated that there were no solid plans to create a game with a single female protagonist.[112] A sole main female character, called Velvet, was eventually included in Berseria.[48] The way the characters interact with each other during the narrative forms one of the core aspects of designing each game.[86] Another main priority is for players to see a part of themselves in the characters.[113]

Unique terminology is used when referring to games within the series. In 2007, Yoshizumi announced two classes of Tales games, "Mothership Titles" and "Escort Titles".[2] "Mothership" essentially means "Main series", where as "Escort" essentially means "Spinoff". One of the recurring differences between the two game types internally is that "Escort" titles don't supply inspiration for main entries in the series, but draw the most popular elements from them.[4] The games are also frequently given what is called a "Characteristic Genre Name", which is essentially a short subtitle or phrase that outlines the game's overall theme. The main reason for this, as stated by Yoshizumi, was that the series was not seen as a role-playing series by the development team, but rather "Character Playing Game", with the player learning about the game's characters and watching them grow rather than using them as avatars: the genre names are meant to distinguish them from other role-playing games.[111] The terms, however, are largely removed from the English localized versions. There are also terms that are used in remakes or ports of games: "R" stands for "remake" or "Re-imagination" (as in Hearts R), while "F" in Graces f stood for "future", in reference to the game's extra story content.[114][115][116]

The Tales series originated when Phantasia began production, based on an unpublished novel titled Tale Phantasia (テイルファンタジア, Teiru Fantajia), written by the game's scenario writer and lead programmer Yoshiharu Gotanda. During the story development process, several elements of the original novel were dropped or changed.[117][118] The game was developed by Wolf Team, an independent game development studio founded in 1986.[119] Due to bad experiences at Telenet Japan, the previous employer of multiple Wolf Team members, the staff sought an independent publisher for the game. After an unsuccessful pitch to Enix, they entered a publishing contract with Bandai Namco (then Namco).[120] Phantasia had a troubled development cycle for the original Super Famicom version, with many creative disagreements between Wolf Team and Namco.[121] The disagreements led to most of the Wolf Team staff leaving after the game in order to start a new company, tri-Ace, which would go on to make the Star Ocean series.[121][122] Remaining members would continue to develop games in the Tales series.[121]

The studio remained independent until 2003, when it was acquired by Bandai Namco and renamed Namco Tales Studio.[119] The studio's shares were divided between Bandai Namco, Telenet Japan and series director Eiji Kikuchi. In 2006, Namco bought Telenet's shares, then later Kikuchi's, giving them full control over the studio.[123][124] In mid 2011, a financial report indicated that Namco Tales was in serious financial trouble, having a debt of 21 million dollars and posting a loss for the previous financial year.[125] The studio's absorption into its parent company was formally announced in November of that year.[126] After the absorption of Namco Tales, former series brand manager Hideo Baba was appointed as series producer. He had previously been the producer of the original version of Hearts.[127][128] Alongside Baba, the chief series producer is Makoto Yoshizumi, who had produced multiple titles including Destiny and Innocence.[51][125][129]

Cast artwork for Vesperia by regular series designer Kōsuke Fujishima.

The series is distinguished by its art style, which emulates manga and anime.[9] According to Baba, the character designs are created once the main character's story, personality, and environment are determined by the rest of the production team. Beyond that, the artist is allowed to use their imagination, though they can be asked to alter things like costume details, and facial expressions.[130] One of the main designers for the series is manga artist Kōsuke Fujishima. He was first brought in to design the characters for Phantasia, and has since designed for multiple entries including Abyss and Xillia.[9][131][132] Another designer, Mutsumi Inomata, first designed for the series with Destiny, and has contributed designs for multiple entries including Eternia, Rebirth and Xillia.[9][133] A third regular artist is Daigo Okumura, who designed characters for Vesperia and Xillia 2, as well as Dawn of the New World.[134] Other designers to work on the series include Kazuto Nakazawa (Legendia),[135] Kouichi Kimura (Xillia 2),[136] and Minoru Iwamoto (Zestiria).[137] The art design for each game's world and characters has ranged between a cel-shaded anime style (Vesperia) to a more realistic style (Xillia 2).[91][136] Skit character images are also directly inspired by anime art.[98] The art style for each title is determined by the theme and story decided upon by the developers.[113]

Anime cutscenes are included in each game, and are a primary focus for the production team as they help make the first impression on players. The series aims to avoid standard anime tropes and common narrative elements with each installment.[5] The first game to feature such cutscenes was Destiny.[138] The cutscenes were animated by Production I.G, which has provided cutscenes for the series until Xillia. For Xillia, aiming to demonstrate a new artistic direction for the series, production of the anime cutscenes was given to Ufotable.[113] For the Nintendo DS release of Hearts, two identical versions of the game were released as an experiment by the production team, with one featuring traditional anime animation by Production I.G., and one featuring computer-generated cutscenes by Shirogumi Ltd. The CGI cutscenes proved less popular with fans than the established anime style.[139][140]

The engines for the games are generally developed in-house: the cited reasons for this included problems with outsourced development. Until Vesperia, the team worked on a by-project basis, creating new development tools and engines for each installment. Due to cost increases, the development process was altered and streamlined as more user-friendly software engines became available.[19] The studio was divided into two teams: Team Destiny worked on 2D Tales titles such as Tales of Destiny, while Team Symphonia developed 3D titles.[19] In-house, major distinctions were made between the two studios except for some core staff [19] Namco Tales produced the majority of the mainline Tales games until its absorption in 2011.[126] The notable exceptions are Legendia, which was developed by an internal staff group at Bandai Namco,[141][142] and Innocence, which was developed by Alfa System.[10] Alfa System also developed many of the portable spin-off titles.[19] After the absorption of Namco Tales by Bandai Namco, the teams and staff transferred to the new in-house development studio called Bandai Namco Studios.[143] The size of the teams was reduced and the previous studio's main divisions were merged. This allowed production to be streamlined, but also meant that the team could only focus on one game at a time, rather than working on two games simultaneously as they had done before.[144]

The regular main composer for the Tales series is Motoi Sakuraba. His first work on the series was for Phantasia, and has since contributed to nearly every main entry since there in the capacity of a freelance composer.[145] Sakuraba has become noted for his signature musical style, which is present in the majority of his Tales scores.[146] He also frequently collaborates with Shinji Tamura.[145] The entries Sakuraba has not worked on are Legendia, which was composed by Go Shiina, an in-house composer,[147] and Innocence, whose composer was Kazuhiro Nakamura.[148] Sakuraba and Shiina had collaborated on the score for Zestiria.[149] Multiple titles in the series use licensed theme songs by multiple Japanese artists: among the artists are Garnet Crow (Eternia), Deen (Destiny/Hearts), Kokia (Innocence), Ayumi Hamasaki (Xillia/Xillia 2) and FLOW (Berseria).[150][151][152][153] One recurring aspect of many earlier localizations was the removal of the Japanese theme song, such as with Symphonia, which had its theme song replaced with an orchestral version.[154][155] The first western release of a Tales title to feature the theme song used in Japan was Vesperia.[156]

Multiple Tales titles, the majority of which are spin-offs, have not been localized for the west or have only been released in North America: two examples of the former case for entries in the main series are Rebirth and Innocence, while an example of the latter is Legendia.[21][29][157] Speaking in 2013, Baba explained that the main priority for localizations was for the main series rather than spin-offs. In addition to this, he stated that their localization team was limited and they needed to "pick and choose" which game to bring to the west.[56] For its western release, Eternia's name was changed to "Destiny 2": this was due to a possible trademark conflict and the wish to exploit the popularity of Destiny.[14] The 2006 PSP port of Eternia retained its original title. With Zestiria, Bandai Namco planned to attempt releasing the game in the west in the same year it was released in Japan.[47] The deciding factor in this resolution was the delayed release of Xillia and its sequel, and the reaction of western fans to this.[95] Fan localizations have also been created, such as for the original versions of Phantasia and Innocence.[10][29] While the option of the Japanese voice tracks have been heavily requested for western releases by fans, licensing issues have mostly prevented Bandai Namco from implementing it.[105] Localization for mobile titles is also a low priority due to them being co-developed by Japan-based mobile developers.[106]