Tehran Stock Exchange

The former building of Tehran Stock Exchange at Hafez St, Tehran, Iran

The concept of stock industrialization dates to 1936, when Bank Melli, together with Belgian experts, issued a report detailing a plan for an operational stock exchange in Iran. However, the plan was not implemented prior to the outbreak of World War II, and did not gain traction until 1967, when the Government revisited the issue and ratified the "Stock Exchange Act". Initially limited in size and scope, the Tehran Stock Exchange (the "TSE") began operations in 1967, trading only in corporate and government bonds. Iran's rapid economic expansion in the 1970s, coupled with a popular desire to participate in the country's economic growth through the financial markets, led to a demand for equity. The Government became actively engaged in the process, by granting shares to employees of large state-owned and family-owned enterprises. Market activity increased substantially, as both companies and high-net-worth individuals participated in the new-found wealth associated with the TSE.[1]

Everything came to a standstill after the Islamic Revolution leading in a prohibition against interest-based activities and nationalization of major banks and industrial giants. Mobilization of all resources towards the war effort during the 8-year Iran–Iraq War did not help matters. Following the end of the war, the 1988 Budget Act re-established activity on the TSE, and within eight years the exchange saw its numbers rise to 249 companies listed. The Government fully embraced economic reforms and a privatization initiative in 1989 with a surge of activity in share activity of many state-owned companies through the defined targets in the first "Five-Year Economic Reform" where the Government together with the Parliament defined the economic prospects of the country for the coming five years. Attention to promotion of the private sector and new interest in the TSE brought life back to the market. However, lack of regulation and out-of-date legal framework led to crisis in the market leading to certain "meltdowns". Over the 1996 to 2000 period an automated trading system was introduced, and a number of important regulatory mechanisms were strengthened.[14] The market has experienced its share of highs and lows in the past years including topping the World Federation of Exchanges' list in terms of performance in 2004.[1] As of May 2014, TSE has had three bear market in its history: August 1996 – July 1998 (−32%); December 2004 – July 2006 (−34%); and during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 (−38%).[15] In 2014, after reaching historic highs, TSE lost a quarter of its total market capitalization because of the collapse of the Iranian rial and the slump in oil prices.[16] It was also decided in 2014 that some banks and financial institutions attached to the government inject money into the stock market through a fund called the Market Development Fund which is aimed at market making and decreasing the fluctuations in the stock market.[17]

Other complementary markets have also been established alongside the equities market. In 2003, the Tehran Metal Exchange (now called the Iran Mercantile Exchange after its merger with the Agricultural Exchange in 2006) was launched. The Oil Bourse and the over-the-counter Farabourse were launched in 2008 followed in 2012 by the Energy/Electricity Bourse and the FOREX bourse.[14]

TEPIX: Tehran Stock Exchange's main index (2000–2014).

*Exchange rate: 1 US $=10,004 IRR (2009)

• The Securities & Exchange Council is the highest authority and is responsible for all related policies, market strategies, and supervision of the market in Iran. The Chairman of the Council will be the Minister of Economics; other members are: Minister of Trades, Governor of the Central Bank of Iran, Managing Director of the Chamber of Commerce, Attorney General, Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Organization, representatives of the active market associations, three financial experts requested by the Economics Minister and approved by the Council of Ministers, and one representative for each commodity exchange.[19]
• The Securities and Exchange Organization (SEO) is responsible for administration and supervisory duties, governed by the Board of Directors. The SEO's Board of Directors are elected by the Securities and Exchange Council. SEO also actively promotes innovation in Islamic products and has formed a specific "Sharia committee" to assess the compatibility of new products with Islamic law. SEO is the sole regulatory entity for the regulation and development of the capital market in Iran.[20]

Under its new structure, TSE has online trading, an arbitration board, digital signature, investor protection, surveillance mechanisms as well as post-trade systems.[21] The TSE is open for trading five days a week from Saturday to Wednesday, excluding public holidays. Trading takes place through the Automated Trade Execution System from 9am to 12 noon, which is integrated with a clearing, settlement, depository and registry system. Settlement is T+3.[3] The TSE is solely an order-driven market and all transactions are executed in the manner and under the principles of open auction.[4]

TSE rate

See also: Value of the Iranian Rial, Central Bank of Iran, and Iran's Forex bourse

US dollar/Iranian rial exchange rate has remained relatively stable from 2003, when Iran adopted a "managed floating exchange rate" until 2012. Monetary policy is facilitated by a network of 50 Iranian-run forex dealers in Iran, the Middle-East and Europe.[29]

Since 1998 importers and exporters have also been permitted to trade foreign-exchange certificates on the TSE, creating a floating value for the rial known as the "TSE rate". In 2002 the "official rate" was abolished, and the TSE rate became the basis for the new unified foreign exchange regime.[30]

Presently, TSE trades mainly in securities offered by listed companies. As of 2015, equities and corporate bonds (e.g. Sukuk) are being traded at TSE.[21] The plan is to introduce other financial instruments in the near future. The introduction of project-based participation certificates that bear a fixed annual return during the period of the project and promise the final settlement of the profit at the date of its completion, has diversified the market.[3] As of 2015, TSE does not offer much complicated Islamic finance instruments such as derivatives (except ETFs and a few put options), nor does it allow short sales or margin trading (except for futures) in contrast to the neighboring Dubai Financial Market.[16]

As at 2008, about 30 firms, involved in 11 industries, hold close to 75 percent of shares in TSE. In September 2009, Telecommunication Company of Iran was privatized and became the largest company listed on TSE.

According to the Wall Street Journal in 2015, Iran is "full of well-run companies".[52] Also true, there are companies in Iran which suffer problems such as mismanagement, energy inefficiency, overstaffing, opaque auditing systems, obsolete marketing and distribution networks and high levels of debt.[21][53]

2007: There were 324 companies listed on the TSE with a total market capitalization (MC) of US$42,452 million. Close to 60% of the MC relates to listed companies from the following sectors:[54]

• Basic Metals,
• Motor Vehicles and Trailers,
• Chemicals and By-Products,
• Non-Metallic Minerals Products.

A total of 161 companies from these sectors are listed on the TSE, which translates to 49.7% of total companies listed. Largest stocks include:

• Mobarakeh Steel Co. with MC of US$3,218 million, which translates to 7.6% of MC,
• National Iranian Copper Industries Company (Persian: Sanaye Mese Iran) at 6.8% of MC,
• SAIPA at 5.3% of MC.

2008: other companies in the top spots included:[55]

• Gol Gohar Iron Ore Company ($2.1 billion MC),
• Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company ($2 billion),
• Kharg Petrochemical Company (over $1 billion),
• Ghadir petrochemical companies (over $1 billion),
• Khouzestan Steel Company (over $1 billion),
• Power Plant Projects Management Company (MAPNA) (over $1 billion),
• Retirement Investment Firm (over $1 billion),
• Iran Khodro (over $1 billion),
• Metal and Mine Investment Companies (over $1 billion).

This indicates that the capital market in Tehran is heavily concentrated on four economic sectors with companies that make up nearly half of the total listed companies on the exchange. While 163 companies listed are spread out amongst 26 sectors, with the "Food and Beverages Sector" alone accounts to 32 companies at a market capitalization of US$897.5 million. Studies show that in 2008 about 30 firms, involved in 11 industries, hold close to 75% of shares in Tehran Stock Exchange.[56]

2009: A comparison of the top 100 Iranian companies and the Fortune 500 in 2009 indicated that the gross profit margins of the top 100 Iranian companies were almost double those of the Fortune 500. For Fortune 500 companies, the average gross profit margin was 6.9% and for the Iranian companies, it was 13%.[57] The sector with the highest profit margin among the top 100 Iranian companies in 2009 is mining, with a margin of 58%. The mining companies in the Fortune 500 had a gross profit margin of 11%. After mining, other industries with highest margins are base metals, and telecommunications.[57]

2011: The best performing industries in 2011, in terms of total sales, were the banking and automotive sectors. The worst performers were home appliances and electronics. In terms of gross profit margin, mining, telecommunications, and oil and gas exploration & production were the best performing industries. Sales totals of the top 100 Iranian companies on the list ranged from $12.8 billion or the top ranking company, Iran Khodro, to $318 million for the 100th company.[57]

2012: Companies showing the most profit, are mostly in pharmaceutical, petrochemical and steel businesses. The sharp decline of the Rial in 2012 has made exports more competitive.[58] Other favoured companies are state-owned industrial companies that rely on a mostly domestic supply chain, turning locally produced raw materials into products targeting Iranian consumers.[52]

2015: Fluctuations in global prices of commodities and the official exchange rate of the Iranian currency have a big impact on the profitability of companies which produce global commodities that are either exported or sold on the free market domestically. More than half the weight of the Iranian stock market cap belongs to such companies.[61]

The Government of Iran directly holds 35 percent of the TSE, while securing another 40 percent through pension funds and investment companies such as the Social Security Investment Company, one of the largest institutional investors on the TSE. Bonyads also play a significant role in TSE trading.[30] In 2016, TSE had 38,000 institutional investors.[62]

In 2005 fewer than 5 percent of Iranians owned stock.[63] The Government is promoting the shareholding culture in Iran. By March 2010, 3.219 million shareholders had registered in the TSE, with investment firms having 562,375 shareholders, which makes it the "favorite industry" in the stock market.[64] The number of registered shareholders in the TSE increased to 4.5 million in 2011,[35] 7 million in 2014 and 9 million in 2016.[62][65]

As of 2014, about 300 foreign investors (including 25 Iranian citizens abroad) comprise 0.5 percent of the TSE. This number increased to 746 in 2016.[62] By comparison, foreigners own 60 percent of Turkish equities.[66][67] In 2016, there were 127 foreign institutional traders in Iran's equity markets.[68]

• TSE All-Share Price Index (TEPIX)
• TSE Dividend & Price "total return" Index (TEDPIX)
• TSE All-Share FF adjusted (TEFIX)
• TSE TEFIX-30 - Blue chip index
• TSE Cash Dividend Index (TEDIX)
• TSE-50 - (Top 50 most active companies)
• Each industry (sector) Index
• Industrial Index
• Financial Index
• Each Company Index (based on Price & Volume)

In 1990, the All-Shares Price Index (TEPIX) was introduced to the market as the main indicator of share price movements. TEPIX is a weighted market value of all share prices appearing on the TSE Board and is measured every two minutes. In addition to the TEPIX, daily price indices of shares of each company, each sector, and the "Top Fifty" most active companies (TSE-50) are computed.

As of December 2010, TSE had a market capitalization of $84 billion.[70][71] TEDPIX, TSE's Price and Dividend Index, became the world's second-best performing equity index in 2010.[5]

2000–2004: The performance of the TSE has had no correlation with major exchanges or emerging stock markets over the past few years and not even with the oil price.[72] While the overall indices of the world's five major exchanges – New York City, London, Paris, Frankfurt and Tokyo plunged by 40 to 70% between March 2001 and April 2003, the TSE index (Tepix) bucked the trend by going up nearly 80%.[8]

2005–2006: In December, 2005, 419 companies with a market capitalization of IRR 32,741.7 million were listed in TSE. The TSE has had an exceptional performance over the past 5 years. In general, the stock market in 2005/06 shed value as it is manifested by the decline of its major stock price indices. The TSE price index (TSPIX) at the end of 2005/06, declined by 21.9%, while the Financial Sector Index, and the Industrial Index, declined by, 38.8%, 19.4% respectively, and the Dividend Index gained 11.8%, mostly due to a reported US$100 billion capital flight from the country because of the international dispute surrounding the Iranian nuclear programme.[54]

2007: The market bottomed in June 2007 mainly because of the renewed privatization drive in the Iranian economy.[73][74][75]

2008: The TSE was not directly affected by the international financial turmoil in 2008, but following the global reduction in prices of copper and steel, the bourse index dropped by 12.5 percent, as most of the companies listed on the exchange are producers of such commodities.[56][76] TSE experienced an 11% growth at the end of 2008 and ranked second in the world in terms of increase in the volume of trade after Luxembourg's Bourse.[77]

2009: The TSE sank about 40% in value between August 2008 and March 2009, influenced by falling oil prices and declining markets in other parts of the world. As of August 1, 2009 it has recovered by more than 10%.[71] During Iranian year 2009/10, the value of capital market was around $20 billion. Some 3 million trade exchanges were made, pushing up the index to 12,500 units from the previous 8,000 units.[13]

2010: In the first month of Iranian 2010 (March 20 – April 21, 2010), the index hit the 14,000 unit mark, up from the previous 12,500, showing 12 percent growth. The value of one month's trading transactions exceeded $1 billion against the previous year's corresponding period of $95 million.[13] Tehran Stock Exchange bourse index from June 2009 to 2010 grew 55 percent and the value of TSE's total market capitalization went up about 33 percent, to over $71 billion.[78]

On August 2, 2010, the TSE main index (TEPIX) reached a record level of 16,056 points, despite US-sponsored sanctions against Iran.[79] Thus, TEDPIX became the world's second-best performing equity index.[5] Factors such as the global spike in oil and metal prices, government support for industries and oil sectors as well as the growth of stock market liquidity flow contributed to the boom.[80] Experts commented that the growth was also partly due to a government decision to sell off 20 percent of its equity in two major automakers. Given the relative low market valuation of TSE stocks in 2010, the upward trend was expected to continue over the long run, rather than being a bubble.[79] TEPIX reached a new record on September 18, 2010, when it hit 18,658, up from 11,295 at the start of the year.[81] As of December 2010, the TSE index rose about 64 percent since the start of 2010.[82] The Tehran Stock Exchange has been ranked as the best bourse index in Europe, Africa and Middle East in 2010 in terms of performance of the main index.[83]

2011: On February 1, 2011, TEPIX and total market value reached an all-time high of 21,349 and US$100 billion respectively.[83][84] An alleged $200 million investments by Iranian expats also contributed to this increase.[85]

On April 9, 2011, TSE's main index (TEPIX) hit a new all-time record high at 26,222 over a boost from the stocks of metal and shipping industries.[70][86] According to the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE), TSE had the best performance among WFE member exchanges from May 2010 to May 2011. With a staggering 79% growth rate in its main index, the TSE ranked 1st in WFE's "Broad Stock Index Performance" category followed by the Colombo and Lima Stock Exchanges with 75.1% and 48.9% rates respectively.[35]

Overall, Tehran stock exchange posted the second highest gains in global markets in 2011 (TEPIX up 29.6%). Meanwhile, the German's DAX (DAX INDEX) lost 16.5% due and the FTSE 100(UKX INDEX) performed poorly, down 6.7%. Stock markets of emerging economies, like Brazil's Brazil Bovespa Index (IBOV INDEX), shed 18.4%.[87] Equally, MENA stock markets had a poor year in 2011, reflecting both the political turbulence across the region and the battering suffered by most global markets as a result of the eurozone crisis and the increasingly bearish outlook for the global economy.[88]

2012: TSE's overall index hit a new record high in October 2012 surpassing 31,000 points. Export-oriented companies have been favoured because of the imposition of an oil embargo by the international community and the consequent sharp decline in the value of the Iranian rial over 2012.[58][89]

2013: Following Iranian rial's strong devaluation between 2012 and 2013 and the presidential elections, many Iranian investors started to move their assets from gold into domestic equities.[90] TEPIX hit 68,461 on October 9 (soaring over 50,000 points). TEPIX reached 71,471 on October 14, 2013.[91][92] Consequently, TSE's main index grew 130% in 2013.[36]

2014: As of September 2014, the TSE trades at price-to-earnings multiple of 6 times, with a 17 percent dividend yield. By comparison, the MSCI Frontier Markets index trades at price-to-earnings multiple of 12.4 times, with a 3.7 percent dividend yield.[66]

2015: The Iranian state is the biggest player in the economy, and the annual budget strongly influences the outlook of local industries and the stock market. The 2015 budget is not expected to bring much growth for many of the domestic industries.[61]

2016: As of June 2016, TSE had an average P/E of 7 against 13.8 for MSCI Emerging Markets. TEDPIX annualized 10-year performance in US$ was 10.1% (against 3.9% for MSCI Emerging Markets for the same period.)[93]

2018: in June 2018, the TEPIX index reached an all-time-high of 102,000.[94] It is expected that listed export-oriented companies (~50% of TSE capitalization) will be advantaged following the steep devaluation of the Iranian rial in 2018.[95]

2019: FY 2019 has been a "golden year" according to financial economists. TEDPIX, one of the 2 main indexes, reached an all-time-high of 512,000 points.[96] According to the same experts, several factors contributed to this, namely better regulation, increased knowledge of the stock market and wider access by the general population and the lackluster status of competing sectors such as gold or real estate.[97]

Iran's nominal GDP & projections by the World Bank and the Economist (1999-2015 est.)

Iran is the last, large untapped emerging market in the world.[49][98] According to many experts, the economy of Iran has many investment opportunities, particularly on its stock exchange.[99] The Central Bank of Iran indicate that 70 percent of the Iranians own homes with huge amounts of idle money entering the housing market.[100] However, if the stock market grows stronger, it will undoubtedly attract idle capital.[101] In terms of investment, the domestic rival markets of the bourse are the Iranian real estate market, cars and gold (with gold being used as a store of value, a hedging tool against hyperinflation and the devaluation of the Rial). According to Goldman Sachs, Iran is forecast to reach the highest economic growth between 2015 and 2025 and join the world's largest economies (world's 12th economy by 2025).[102] Since 2012, TSE has served as a safe haven against international sanctions and inflation.[103][104]

Foreign portfolio investment

See also: Foreign direct investment in Iran and Kish Stock Exchange

The performance of the TSE has had no correlation with major exchanges or emerging stock markets over the past few years and not even with the oil price.[72][120]

So far, the Tedpix index has been driven by domestic investors, including wealthy Iranians, public sector pension funds and the investment arms of state-owned banks. For the index to prosper in the long run, more foreign investors need to make significant share purchases.[121] As at 2009, foreign portfolio investment accounts for only about 2 percent of the stock market in Iran.[107][122] Foreign investors find it difficult to invest directly or indirectly, since banks cannot transfer funds, and there are no custodian banks because of sanctions.[66] On 10 November 2018 Gottfried Leibbrandt, chief executive of SWIFT said in Belgium that some banks in Iran would be disconnected from this financial messaging service.[123]

The new by-law on foreign portfolio investment was approved by the government in June 2005, but ratified by the Council of Ministers in April, 2010. Under this new bylaw, foreign investors can participate in the TSE for the first time. Initially, however, some limitations had been imposed on foreign investors:

• Foreign investors may own a maximum of 10 percent of each listed company.
• Foreign investors may not withdraw their main capital and capital gain for the first three years of their investment. Repatriation is possible, after one year under the current regulations.

With the new law, Iran has increased the ceiling on foreign participation to 20% and foreign investors can now invest in the capital market, trade shares (including OTC) and:

1. for small-scale (foreign) investors, take out their money at any time;[13][124]
2. for large-scale investors which possess 10 percent of the agency's value or 10 percent of the management position, can take their capital out of the country after two years upon receiving permission from the government.[125]
3. this new law does not explicitly protect against control and manipulation through foreign pool of money (e.g. through funds located offshore or foreign agents based in Iran.)[126]

As of July 2010, taxes on TSE transactions are as follows:

• Cash dividend: no tax (22.5% at source from Company).[4]
• Share transfers: the Tax Amendment has changed the regulations regarding calculation of tax on transfer of shares and their rights in Iranian corporate entities.
  • In the case of shares listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) the tax on transfer of such shares and other rights is 0.5 per cent of the sales price.[30]
  • In the case of transfer of the shares and their rights to other corporate entities (i.e. those not listed on the TSE) a flat rate of four per cent of value of the shares and rights transferred applies. No other taxes will be charged. The Amendment has removed the requirement to value the shares in this category.[30]

• International Rankings of Iran in Economy
• List of banks in Iran
• Tabriz Stock Exchange
• List of Mideast stock exchanges

• Ownership Structure and Firm Performance: An empirical study on listed firms of Tehran Stock Exchange; Based on Industry Classification. Ali Tahbaz Hendi (LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing). December 2012. ISBN 978-3843380416.
• Short-term Prediction of Tehran Stock Exchange Price Index (TEPIX): Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

• Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) (in Persian and English)
  • TSE Indexes
  • TSE Annual Report 2010
• Sukuk (Islamic Financial Instruments)
• Tehran Securities Exchange Technology Management Company (TSETMC) (in Persian)
• Securities and Exchange Brokers Association - Self-regulatory organization of TSE
• Financial Tribune - (Iranian English newspaper) Offers daily reports on the TSE
• Iran Securities and Exchange Organization (SEO) – Offers Quarterly Bulletin of Iran Islamic Capital Market
• Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges – TSE statistics/regulations/operations/international comparisons/calendar and latest news
• Iran's Capital Markets – Comprehensive 2003-Study
• Turquoise Partners – Monthly report on the Tehran Stock Exchange and Iran's economy
• Iran Daily: "Iranian Bourse Prospects for Foreign Investment"
• Iran CSD Company – Clearing and settlement of trading, central registry

Videos

• Iran's Stock Exchange and Foreign Investment - Explains how to invest in Tehran Stock Exchange and OTC market and what is the procedure to receive license for trading in the TSE (2015)
• Video on YouTube Iran's Stock Market – Part I Part II – PressTV
• 2010 Hike in Iran's Bourse – PressTV (2010)
• Investing in Iran – Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V VI – CNBC (December 2010)
• Iran's flourishing economy - PressTV (2011)
• Iran's Bourse: Hallmark of Iranian economy - PressTV (2011)
• Hike in Tehran's bourse index - PressTV (2012)