The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Australia

The LDS Church was introduced into Australia when William Barratt emigrated from England to Adelaide in November 1840.[2] At the age of seventeen, Barratt had been ordained an elder by George A. Smith, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, who instructed him to proselyte whenever he could.[3] Although the success of Barratt's proselyting efforts remains largely unknown,[4] he did baptise Robert Beauchamp in 1842, who became the first Australia convert.[5][6] Beauchamp would later become an Australian mission president.[7] The next missionary in Australia was Andrew Anderson who arrived with his family in 1842. By the end of 1844, Anderson had organised a small branch of the LDS Church with 11 members near Wellington, New South Wales.[7][8] Official LDS missionary work did not begin until Americans John Murdock, who served as mission president, and Charles W. Wandell established a mission in Sydney on 31 October 1851.[7][9] They printed 2,000 copies of Proclamation to the People of the Coasts and Islands of the Pacific, which they successfully sold.[4] They exerted their time and resources to proselyte using pamphlets and printed many others.[10] It was calculated that Wandell and Murdock had distributed 24,000 tracts.[10] Their initial proselyting strategy was preaching in public meetings, but they soon acquired a meeting hall. The earliest converts at the official opening of the mission were in December 1851. They included Emily and Joseph Popplewells, Bridget Gallimore, and nine others.[11] The Sydney Branch, a small organised congregation of Latter-day Saints, was organised on 4 January 1852 with twelve members.[10] By March, there were 36 members.[12] Murdock and Wandell directed three church meetings each Sunday as well as five public proselyting meetings per week.[12] After Murdock returned to the United States in June 1852, Wandell replaced him as mission president.[12]

By the end of 1852, there were 47 members of the LDS Church.[7] Wandell reported that missionary work was difficult because the recent gold rush had caused people to be suspicious about strangers. Additionally, Wandell reported that the locals disliked Americans and the missionaries could not locate free food and lodging. However, the missionaries hosted well-attended church meetings every Sunday and proselyted five days a week.[13] In 1852, there were five missionaries and two local members performing full-time missionary service and Maitland and Melbourne areas were opened for proselyting.[13] By March 1853, church membership had reached 100.[12] After the departure of Wandell, John Jones became mission president.[13] Upon Wandell's departure, a Latter-day Saint periodical called Zion's Watchman was in publication from 13 August 1853 until April 1856.[10] Despite the growth of the church in Australia, numbers of its members in the country dwindled. This was because the early LDS Church encouraged emigration to the United States to gather members together into a physical "Zion". Consequently, groups of LDS Church members began to leave Australia.[14] From 1853 to 1859, more than 500 LDS Church members emigrated to Utah and around 200 to 300 members emigrated from 1859 to 1900.[15] It was expensive and dangerous to travel to the United States from Australia by boat. When the boat Julia Ann hit a coral reef in the Society Islands in 1855, two women and three children drowned.[16]

More missionaries arrived in 1853, with Augustus Farnham replacing Jones as mission president.[7][17] In 1854, missionary work was organised in New Zealand and Tasmania, leading to the creation of the Australasian Mission which included all of the territories in Australia and New Zealand.[18][19] Missionary work was opened in Hunter River, Moreton Bay in Queensland, and Adelaide. At this time, missionaries experienced the greatest amount of success in southeastern Australia.[12] Robert Owen initiated missionary work in Tasmania, but it was unsuccessful.[20] By 1856, all missionaries had left Australia with church members emigrating to the United States. Absolom Dowdle became the new mission president. By the end of 1856, 16 missionaries had replaced the missionaries that left Australia.[20] In 1858, due to the Utah War, missionaries left Australia to return home and fight in the war, leaving the local members in charge of ecclesiastical leadership of the small, church congregations. However, it did not last, and by 1863, leadership had been largely disbanded with the only 200 church members remaining in Australia, scattered across the country.[21] Robert Beauchamp assumed the position of mission president in 1867, but the church was left in disarray when he resigned in 1874.[21] During the first 18 months of Beauchamp's presidency, there had been over 150 baptisms.[22] After Beauchamp resigned, William Geddes became mission president for a year.[21] Elijah F. Peace became president of the Australasian Mission in 1879, moving headquarters to New Zealand.[21]

Beginning in 1857, missionary work in Australia was determined unsuccessful and the focus was turned to New Zealand. However, on 1 January 1898, the Australasian Mission was divided into the Australian Mission and the New Zealand Mission, allowing for more effort to be put into missionary work in Australia.[7] Previously, from the 1860s until 1898, church leaders in Utah gave Australia little attention and missionary work was not contiguous. There were three or four operating branches in Australia between 1879 and 1898.[23] Andrew Smith was appointed the president of the new Australian mission.[24] In 1890, the first converts were baptised in Brisbane and the East Brisbane Branch, the first branch in Brisbane, was organised on 1 September 1896. By 1898, it was not only the branch with the most complete leadership and organisation but also the largest in the country, with 79 members.[25] By 1898, there were around 200 members in Australia and 21 missionaries in 1900.[7][26] Because the LDS Church began encouraging church members to stay in their homelands rather than emigrate, church membership from 1910 to 1925 doubled from 600 to 1,169.[15]

The first LDS chapel building in Australia was established in 1904 in Brisbane.[7] During the first quarter of the century, growth in the LDS Church in Australia was slow.[27] Despite the fact that the LDS Church reversed its emigration policy at the turn of the century, the policy remained culturally ingrained in the LDS Church for some time. Consequently, from 1900 to about 1925, around 15 church members emigrated from Australia each year.[28] While missionary work in Australia was successful, there were too few missionaries in the country. Between 1910 and 1925, there was an average of 31 missionaries in the country.[28] Generally, there were only four missionaries per district in Australia, and the vastness of the country made it difficult to travel from one side to another for conferences and visits with the mission president.[29] Additionally, proselyting methods were underdeveloped with outdated teaching plans and the lack of challenges for interested individuals.[30] Some missionaries believed that their most effective proselyting tool at the time was street meetings.[30] Tracting was ineffective, and the Book of Mormon was rarely used as a proselyting tool.[31] Moreover, due to World War I pulling men away from home to serve in the war, local congregations were left without sufficient leadership.[15] Furthermore, the war caused the number of missionaries in Australia to be divided nearly in half.[15]

Despite issues with circulating anti-Mormon literature, by 1923 the LDS Church was officially declared a "religious denomination" in Australia. In 1924, the Australian government allowed the LDS Church to raise the number of missionaries to 40.[32] By 1925, church membership in Australia was around 1,200, with the largest congregation being in Sydney, consisting of about 300 members.[33] Charles H. Hyde served as mission president from 1911 to 1913 and 1924 to 1928. During his second term, he sought to open new mission areas but found himself limited by the number of missionaries in the country.[34]

Clarence H. Tingey succeeded Hyde as mission president, but during his presidency the number of missionaries in Australia declined due to the Great Depression in the United States. Sons and fathers were unable to leave their families during the difficult financial times.[35] Despite these challenges, Tingey achieved great success by turning over leadership in individual congregations from missionaries to local members, which allowed missionaries to focus on proselyting rather than the administrative duties of local congregations.[35] Moreover, Tingey developed a personal relationship with each missionary by exchanging letters and instituted fast days in order to distribute more copies of the Book of Mormon.[35] He also established a missionary publication in 1930 called Austral Star, which was published until 1955.[36] In 1930, Horace H. Woodford and J. Kenneth Rule were the first Australians to serve as missionaries in their country.[37] Additionally, Tingey created genealogical organisations in 1931 to teach members about temple work and genealogical research. During this time, the average number of converts increased to 3.1 in 1931 with an average rate of 2.6 between 1933 and 1934. He also assigned 11 local members to serve two-year part-time missions to aid the full-time missionaries.[38] From 1926 to 1951, church membership increased from 1,169 to 2,187 with an average of 58 baptisms per year.[34]

Following World War I and the Great Depression, church membership in Australia increased.[15] Missionary presence in Australia from 1935 to 1940 was the highest in the history of the LDS church in Australia.[15] However, with the beginning of World War II, president of the LDS Church Heber J. Grant instructed all missionaries to return home, requiring church leadership positions that were previously held by missionaries to be held by local church members.[39] However, this was difficult because many of the Australian church members were joining the Australian Army. The church in Australia did not recover in time for the Korean War. Historian Geoffrey Blainey argued that the factors that contributed to the slow growth of the LDS Church in Australia during the twentieth century were due to war, small missionary forces, and the vastness of the country.[40] During World War II, the women in the Relief Societies in Australia volunteered for the Australian Red Cross to provide aid during the war.[41]

Church growth increased when David O. McKay authorised the building of chapels for congregations in 1955.[42] This has been referred to as "the turning point for the Church in Australia."[40] The South Australian Mission was established in 1955, headquartered in Melbourne.[7] In 1956, the chapel building program was initiated in Australia. The program lasted for two years and resulted in 19 new chapels and plans for 15 more.[43] By 1960, there were over 7,000 LDS Church members in Australia. In order to better organise the members, the first Australian stake was created in Sydney on 27 March 1960. This was the third stake organised outside North America, behind Oahu, Hawaii and Auckland, New Zealand. Originally called the Sydney Stake, it was later named the Sydney Australia Greenwich Stake.[7][44]

In October 1960, stakes were organised in Brisbane and Melbourne.[45] The organisation of stakes contributed to the growth of the church in Australia because it relieved the workloads of mission presidents and transferred some of the responsibility to local leadership.[46] The Sydney Distribution Centre was created in late 1960, which allowed for the distribution of teaching materials, equipment, and various other materials necessary for maintaining wards and branches.[47] By 1962, the missionary force was 700 missionaries; the number of missionaries had expanded sevenfold in seven years.[40] In 1968, the Australian West Mission (now the Australia Adelaide Mission) was established with Milton J. Hess as president.[48] Before the end of 1969, there were seven stakes in Australia.[40] In 1969, the first international seminary and institute program, religious learning groups for high school and college-aged students respectively, were established in Brisbane.[8] In 1973, the Australia Northwest Mission (now the Australia Brisbane Mission) was created with J. Martell Bird as president.[48]

In 1972, Australia was chosen to pilot a new missionary program called Uniform System for Teaching Families.[49] In 1974, to accommodate Latin-American immigrants to Australia, a Spanish-speaking branch was opened Sydney, with two more Spanish-speaking branches established ten years later.[49] The first area conference in Australia was held in February 1976 in the Sydney Opera House.[50][N 1] The conference ignited growth in convert baptisms and the number of stakes doubled from eight to sixteen within four years.[50] The first Australian to serve as an Australian mission president was Bruce J. Opie, who served as president of the newly created Australian Perth Mission from 1975 to 1978.[51] The first congregation for Aboriginal Australians was organised in 1896 in Elliott in the Northern Territory.[52] In April 1980, the church's First Presidency announced that a temple would be built in Sydney. Prior to the dedication of the temple in Sydney, church members in Australia travelled to the New Zealand Temple, often at great financial cost.[53] The church's first temple in Australia was the Sydney Australia Temple in the suburb of Carlingford, which was dedicated in September 1984.[7][54] The temple was initially constructed and dedicated without an Angel Moroni statue, common for the majority of the church's temples, due to local building restrictions. However, the church was granted permission to add the statue one year later.[55][56]

The Perth Australia Temple, completed in 2001

Robert E. Sackley became the first Australian general authority on 2 April 1988.[57] Additionally, in summer 1988, the Tabernacle Choir performed for the first time in Australia for the celebration of Australia's bicentennial; the choir was named an official cultural representative of the United States for the celebration.[58] By 1990, Sydney became the headquarters of the Pacific Area and church membership was 73,200.[59] The Melbourne Australia Temple was dedicated on 12 June 2000, with the temple in Adelaide, the third in Australia, dedicated three days later. The fourth and fifth temples in Australia, in Brisbane and Perth, were dedicated on 1 October 2000 and 20 May 2001, respectively.[60] The LDS Church provided extensive humanitarian services and resources to Australian after Cyclone Larry in 2006.[61] In 2020, the LDS Church canceled services and other public gatherings indefinitely in response to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic.[62]

According to author Marjorie Newton, there are several cultural factors that have prevented the growth of the LDS Church in Australia. The first cultural obstacle between Australia and the LDS Church is Australia-U.S. tensions. Since World War II, tensions between the United States and Australia have run higher due to United States involvement in various wars such as the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. Additionally, Australia has criticised the United States for not becoming involved in the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in the late 1900s. Finally, the United States is Australia's greatest trade competitor. Since the LDS Church was established in the United States and a great number of missionaries in Australia were from the United States, Australians did not always favourably view American missionaries.[71] In addition, Australian society is largely secular, not religious. The Australian ideal is anti-authoritarian and anti-institutional, thus there is an underlying apprehension to the growth of any type of major institution, particularly a religious institution.[71] Furthermore, church attendance and Sabbath-day observance in Australia is low. A 1991 survey found that 17% of Australians reported attending church monthly, compared to 34% in the United States.[72] Moreover, discussing religion in Australia is often considered taboo, even for those who consider themselves religious.[73]

Another obstacle to missionary work in Australia is the long-standing distaste for the LDS Church due to extremely aggressive proselyting tactics in the late 1970s due to a pilot program Australia participated in. The missionary lessons were condensed into one presentation and the baptismal font was filled before the investigators arrived. According to Newton, there were reports that apprehensive Australians were pressured into classrooms and told to pray for testimony with rumours that classroom doors were locked and "prayer sessions" were excessively long. Missionaries tracted for 90 hours per week, approaching front doors at extremely early or late hours.[73] In order to maintain "stats", missionaries were required to tract in the same neighbourhoods multiple times per week, which bothered residents. Despite the fact that church membership was growing quickly, retention rates were low.[74]

As of October 2016, there were 800 missionaries serving in the church's five missions in Australia.[81]

• Australia Adelaide Mission
• Australia Brisbane Mission
• Australia Melbourne Mission
• Australia Perth Mission
• Australia Sydney Mission

Perth

Melbourne

Adelaide

Sydney

Brisbane

Temples in Australia
Red = Operating
Blue = Under Construction
Yellow = announced
Black = Closed for Renovations

The Sydney Australia Temple was the first LDS temple built in Australia; it was dedicated on 20 September 1984.[82][83] Four additional temples were dedicated between 2000 and 2003.[84][85][86]

• Britsch, R. Lanier (1986). Unto the Islands of the Sea: A History of the Latter-day Saints in the Pacific. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. ISBN 087747754X.
• Britsch, R. Lanier (2003). Cannon, Donald Q. (ed.). Unto Every Nation: Gospel Light Reaches Every Land. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book. ISBN 1570089485.
• Cannon, Donald Q.; Cowan, Richard O.; Garr, Arnold K. (2000). Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1573458228.
• Cummings, David W. (1961). Mighty Missionary of the Pacific: The Building Program of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints-Its History, Scope and Significance. Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft.
• Devitry-Smith, John (1988). "William James Barratt: The First Mormon "Down Under"". BYU Studies Quarterly. 28 (3). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
• Eggington, William G. (1992), "Australia, the Church in", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 86–88, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140
• Geddes, Ross (1991). ""A Storm in the Camp of Brighamism": LDS-RLDS Relations in Brisbane, Australia, 1901–1918". John Whitmer Historical Association Journal. 11: 47–59. JSTOR 43200881.
• Geddes, Ross (1996). "Before Stakehood: The Mission Years in Brisbane, Australia". Journal of Mormon History. 22 (2): 92–119. JSTOR 23287440.
• Newton, Marjorie (1987). "The Gathering of the Australian Saints in the 1850s". BYU Studies Quarterly. 27 (2). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
• Newton, Marjorie (1996). "Towards 2000: Mormonism in Australia" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 29 (1). Retrieved 13 August 2019.
• Thomas, Jon E. (2011). "The Worldwide Expansion of Seminaries to English Speaking Countries from 1967–1970". BYU ScholarsArchive. Retrieved 14 August 2019.