Tollund Man

The Tollund Man is a naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 4th century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age.[1] He was found in 1950, preserved as a bog body, on the Jutland peninsula, in Denmark.[2] The man's physical features were so well preserved that he was mistaken for a recent murder victim.[3] Twelve years before Tollund Man's discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, had been found in the same bog.[4]

The well-preserved head of Tollund Man

Though the cause of death was determined to be hanging, scholars believe the man was a human sacrifice, rather than an executed criminal, because of the arranged position of his body, and the fact that his eyes and mouth were closed.[5]

Discovery
The remains of Tollund Man shortly after his discovery

On 6 May 1950, peat cutters (Viggo and Emil Hojgaard) in the Bjældskovdal peat bog, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Silkeborg, Denmark[3] discovered a corpse in the peat layer which appeared so fresh that they at first believed they had discovered a recent murder victim.

The Tollund Man lay 50 metres (160 ft) away from firm ground, buried under 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of peat, his body arranged in a fetal position. He wore a pointed skin cap of sheepskin and wool, fastened under his chin by a hide thong, and a smooth hide belt around his waist. Additionally, a noose made of plaited animal hide was drawn tight around his neck and trailed down his back.[2] Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap. There was short stubble (1 mm length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he had not shaved on the day of his death.[6]

Scientific examination and conclusions

C14 radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died in about 375–210 BC.[7] The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold climate of the Nordic countries. The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body, is caused by a bryophyte named Sphagnum. Sphagnum fights against degradation due to resistant phenolic compounds contained in their cell walls.[8] Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.

Scientists conducted an isotope analysis of the element strontium to measure the quantities down to the minute to get an accurate idea of where he may have traveled before his death. They took samples from his femur and hair to compare. They were only able to measure up to a year because of his hair being short. The results contained only small differences in strontium isotope proportions. Suggesting that he spent his final year in Denmark, and that he may have moved at least 20 miles in his last six months.[9]

Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated his age as approximately 40 years and height at 1.61 metres (5 ft 3 in), a relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.

On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation.[10] The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings.[11] Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (these vertebrae are often damaged as a result of hanging), radiography showed that the tongue was distended—an indication of death by hanging.[12]

The stomach and intestines were examined and tests carried out on their contents.[13] Scientists identified the man's last meal as porridge or gruel made from grains and seeds, both cultivated and wild. Approximately 40 kinds of seeds were identified, but the porridge was primarily composed of four types: barley, flax, false flax (Camelina sativa) and knotgrass.[13] From the stage of digestion it was concluded that the man had eaten 12 to 24 hours prior to his death. Porridges were common for people of this time.[13] Because neither meat nor fresh fruit was found in the last meal, it is suggested that the meal was eaten in winter or early spring when these items were not available.[13]

Both feet and the right thumb, being well conserved by the peat, were also preserved in formalin for later examination. In 1976, the Danish police made a fingerprint analysis, making Tollund Man's thumbprint one of the oldest prints on record.[14]

Display
Tollund Man on display at Silkeborg Museum

The body is displayed at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark; although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950s for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved. Subsequently, the body was desiccated and the tissue disappeared. In 1987, the Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body using the skeletal remains as a base. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a replica of the body.[15]

Other bodies
Further information: List of bog bodies § Denmark

In Denmark, more than 500 bog bodies and skeletal remains dating to the Iron Age have been recovered.[16] Specimens from Jutland include the relatively well-preserved Borremose bodies, Huldremose Woman, Grauballe Man on display at Moesgaard Museum near Aarhus, and the similarly conserved Haraldskær Woman. Approximately 30 of these bog bodies are housed and/or displayed in Danish museums for continued research.[16]

Nobel Prize-winning Irish poet Seamus Heaney wrote a series of poems inspired by P.V. Glob's study of the mummified Iron Age bodies found in Jutland's peat bogs, finding contemporary political relevance in the relics of the ritualistic killings.[17] Heaney's poem "The Tollund Man", published in his Wintering Out collection, compares the ritual sacrifice to those who died in the sectarian violence of "the Troubles".[17] Heaney wrote an excerpt from the poem in the Tollund Man exhibit's guest book in 1973.[18]

British author Margaret Drabble, in her 1989 novel A Natural Curiosity, uses her characters' obsession with the Tollund Man to provide a satirical criticism of Margaret Thatcher's modern England.[19][20]

Tollund Man is featured in several songs: "Tollund Man" (1995) by the American folk band The Mountain Goats and "Curse of the Tollund Man" (2004) by the English rock band The Darkness.

Tollund Man was mentioned in the episode "Mummy in the Maze" of the American television series Bones[21] and was also mentioned in the 2016 movie Sacrifice in which a bog body was found in the Shetland Islands.

He is also the subject of the modern novel Meet Me At the Museum, by Anne Youngson. One of the primary characters is a fictional curator at the Silkeborg Museum, who writes letters to an English woman, musing on the life and death of the Tollund Man.

See also

Further reading
  • Coles, Bryony; John Coles (1989). People of the Wetlands: Bogs, Bodies and Lake-Dwellers. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Fischer, Christian (2007). Tollundmanden: gaven til guderne: mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie. Silkeborg: Silkeborg Museum. ISBN 978-87-7739-966-4. (Danish)

References
  1. Susan K. Lewis—PBS (2006). "Tollund Man". Public Broadcasting System—NOVA. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  2. Glob, P. (2004). The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved. New York: New York Review of Books. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-59017-090-8.
  3. Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004). "A Body Appears". The Tollund Man—A Face from Prehistoric Denmark. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  4. "Violence in the Bogs", Archaeological Institute of America
  5. Hart, Edward, dir. "Ghosts of Murdered Kings". NOVA. Prod. Edward Hart and Dan McCabe, PBS, 29 January 2014
  6. Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004). "The Tollund Man: Hair and beard". Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
  7. J. van der Plicht, W. A. B. van der Sanen, A. T. Aerts, & H. J. Streurman (2004). "Dating bog bodies by means of 14C-AMS" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (4): 471–491. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.520.411. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jacckson. "L'importance écologique et économique des Bryophytes". Campbell Biologie 4th Edition (2012): p.705, 17 October 2014.
  9. LEVINE, J. The Living Dead: BRUTALLY KILLED THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO, EUROPE’S FAMED BOG BODIES ARE STARTING TO REVEAL THEIR SECRETS. Smithsonian, [s. l.], v. 48, n. 2, p. 65–76, 2017. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=122852097&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 5 dez. 2020.
  10. Silkeborg Museum, The Tollund Man's Appearance Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library, 2004
  11. Silkeborg Museum, Latest Research Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library, 2004
  12. Silkeborg Museum, Was the Tollund Man Hanged? Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library (SPL), 2004
  13. Silkeborg Museum, The Last Meal Archived 2017-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library, 2004
  14. Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004). "Finger-Prints". The Tollund Man—A Face from Prehistoric Denmark. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from the original on 23 September 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  15. Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004). "Preservation of the Tollund Man". The Tollund Man—A Face from Prehistoric Denmark. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  16. Dell'Amore, Christine (July 18, 2014). "Who Were the Ancient Bog Mummies? Surprising New Clues". National Geographic. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  17. O'Donoghue, Bernard (January 1, 2009). The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–196. ISBN 978-0-521-83882-5.
  18. "The Nobel Prize Winner's Poem about the Tollund Man". The Tollund Man. Silkeborg Public Library. 2004. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  19. Boxer, Sarah (June 2, 1991). "A New Literary Hero: The Limp, Silent Type". New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  20. Sanders, Karin (December 1, 2009). Bodies in the Bog and the Archaeological Imagination. University of Chicago Press. pp. 254–55. ISBN 978-0226734040.
  21. Williams, Scott. "Mummy in the Maze." Bones. Dir. Marita Grabiak. Fox. 30 Oct. 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Sources

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