Tomahawk chop

It is not known when the tomahawk chop was invented. However, it is claimed by a former Florida State University president that it was invented by the Florida State University Marching Chiefs in the 1980s to complement their war chants.[4] Another report claims it was first performed in 1984 by students from the inter-fraternal group called “The Scalp-Hunters” behind the FSU band. The action was adopted by fans of the FSU Seminoles over the following years.[5] Despite this, the university's board does not endorse the action stating "Some traditions we cannot control... It's a term we did not choose and officially do not use".[5]

Florida State Seminoles Tomahawk Chop

The Chiefs first heard it in November 1990, when the Northwest Missouri State band, directed by 1969 Florida State graduate Al Sergel, did the chant.

"It's a direct descendant of Florida State," said Chiefs promotions director Phil Thomas. "The band started doing the tomahawk chop, and the players and (coach) Marty Schottenheimer loved it."[6]

The Tomahawk Chop has evolved into a pregame tradition at home games. Chiefs cheerleaders had long used their hands to bang on a large drum to the beat of the Tomahawk Chop, as well as a former player or local celebrity will bang on the drum with a large drum stick while the crowd does the Tomahawk Chop. Since 2020, however, Kansas City Chiefs cheerleaders have been required to lead the chop with a closed fist rather than the traditional open palm.[7]

Atlanta Braves fans doing the tomahawk chop

The tomahawk chop was adopted by fans of the Atlanta Braves in 1991.[8] Carolyn King, the Braves organist, had played the "tomahawk song" during most at bats for a few seasons, but it finally caught on with Braves fans when the team started winning.[9][10] The New York Times erroneously claimed it was initially started by a few FSU fans in Atlanta who followed FSU football player Deion Sanders when he signed for the Braves but that later grew from a few FSU alumni to the whole of the Atlanta Braves' fanbase.[10] The usage of foam tomahawks led to criticism from Native American groups that it was "demeaning" to them and called for them to be banned.[10] In response, the Braves' public relations director said that it was "a proud expression of unification and family".[10] King who did not understand the political ramifications, approached one of the Native American chiefs who were protesting.[11] The chief told her that leaving her job as an organist would not change anything and that if she left "they'll find someone else to play."[11]

In 2016, when the Atlanta Braves played their last game at Turner Field before leaving for SunTrust Park, the last official act done at Turner Field was known as "The Final Chop", where the Atlanta Braves warchant was played one last time with fans doing the tomahawk chop.[12]

Foam tomahawk

A foam tomahawk

A foam tomahawk is a foam rubber sports paraphernalia item in the shape of a tomahawk, often used to accompany the tomahawk chop. They were first created in 1991 for the Atlanta Braves baseball team following their adoption of the tomahawk chop.[13]

The English rugby team Exeter Chiefs adopted the name of "Chiefs" in 1999.[19] In 2010 they started using the Tomahawk chop along with the war chant, following their promotion to the English Premiership.[20] They use it as their walk out music at Sandy Park[21] as well as a chant by their traveling fans during rugby matches elsewhere in the UK.[22] In June 2020 a petition was launched by a group of Exeter Chiefs supporters calling for an end to the Club's use of Native American imagery, including the Tomahawk chop.[23][24] In August 2020, it was reported that BT Sport would not be including the "tomahawk chop chant" in it's simulated crowd noises, during behind-closed-doors games, played by Exeter Chiefs and broadcast on the BT Sport platform.[25]

Usage of the tomahawk chop has led to complaints that it made fun of Native American culture.[26] It also was criticized for being a reference to the former practice of scalping. Shortly after the Atlanta Braves adopted it, there were a number of calls from Native Americans for Braves fans to stop doing the tomahawk chop.[16] Prior to the 1991 World Series a number of Native Americans protested against the Braves using the tomahawk chop outside the Metrodome. During the protests Clyde Bellecourt, national director of the American Indian Movement, suggested that the team could be called "the Atlanta Negroes, Atlanta Klansmen or Atlanta Nazis".[27] In 2009, the Gill-Montague Regional School Committee, a local school board in Massachusetts, banned the use of the gesture at school sporting events, calling it offensive and discriminatory.[28] In 2016, Native American groups asked the Kansas City Chiefs to stop doing the tomahawk chop.[29] In the same year a similar request was made of Exeter Chiefs.[30] The Editorial Board of the Kansas City Star newspaper called for the cessation of the so-called "Arrowhead Chop" in late 2019, noting opposition from Native Americans and Tribes, and stating that the practice stereotypes and dehumanizes Native Americans.[31]

In politics, during the 2012 Senate election in Massachusetts, staffers of candidate Scott Brown were filmed doing the tomahawk chop at a campaign rally towards supporters of Elizabeth Warren, to mock Warren's claim of having Native American ancestry.[32]

The controversy has persisted since and became national news again during the 2019 National League Division Series.[33] During the series, St. Louis Cardinals relief pitcher and Cherokee Nation member Ryan Helsley was asked about the chop and chant. Helsley said he found the fans' chanting and arm-motions insulting and that the chop depicts natives “in this kind of caveman-type people way who aren’t intellectual.”[33] The relief pitcher’s comments prompted the Braves to stop handing out foam tomahawks, playing the chop music or showing the chop graphic when the series returned to Atlanta for Game 5.[33] The Braves released a statement saying they would "continue to evaluate how we activate elements of our brand, as well as the overall in-game experience" and that they would continue a "dialogue with those in the Native American community after the postseason concludes."[33] The heads of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and Cherokee Nation both condemned the chop and chant.[33]

During the off-season, the Braves met with the National Congress of American Indians to start discussing a path forward.[34] In July 2020, the team faced mounting pressure to change after the Cleveland Indians and Washington Redskins announced they were discussing brand change.[34] The Braves released a statement announcing that discussions were still ongoing about the chop, but the team name would not be changed.[34]

Mel Brooks' 1993 film Robin Hood: Men in Tights features a medieval crowd performing the chop in support of Robin Hood during an archery contest.[35]