Travelogues of Palestine

Travelogues of Palestine are the written descriptions of the region of Palestine by travellers, particularly prior to the 20th century. The works are important sources in the study of the History of Palestine and the History of Israel. Surveys of the geographical literature on Palestine were published by Edward Robinson in 1841,[1] Titus Tobler in 1867[2] and subsequently by Reinhold Röhricht in 1890.[3] Röhricht catalogued 177 works between 333—1300CE, 19 works in the 14th c., 279 works in the 15th c., 333 works in the 16th c., 390 works in the 17th c. 318 works in the 18th c., and 1,915 works in the 19th c.[4]

Itinerarium Egeriae
Biblical Researches in Palestine
Two notable examples of Travelogues of Palestine, almost 1,500 years apart.

In total, more than 3,000 books and other materials detailing accounts of the journeys of primarily European and North American travelers to Ottoman Palestine.[5] The number of published travelogues proliferated during the 19th century, and these travelers' impressions of 19th-century Palestine have been often quoted in the history and historiography of the region, although their accuracy and impartiality has been called into question in modern times.[6][5]

List of travelogues

Chronological list by years of travel, also indicating first publication, and/or edition available online.

Until the 18th century
DateAuthorTitle (with link)LanguageEditions
333AnonymousItinerarium BurdigalenseLatin
380sEgeriaItinerariumLatin
518-530TheodosiusDe Situ Terrae SanctaeLatin
c.530HieroclesSynecdemusGreek
570sAnonymous pilgrim of PiacenzaLatin
698Arculf (with Adomnán)De locis sanctisLatin
778Willibald (with Hygeburg)HodoeporiconLatin
800sBernard the PilgrimItinerariumLatin
985al-MaqdisiDescription of SyriaArabic
1108Daniel the TravellerPuteshestive igumena DaniilaRussian
1147John PhokasEkphrasisGreek
1157Níkulás BergssonLeiðarvísir og borgarskipanIcelandic
1160sJohn of WürzburgDescription of the Holy LandLatin
1172TheoderichLibellus de locis sanctisLatin
1173Benjamin of TudelaTravels or ItineraryHebrew
1192Historia de profectione Danorum in HierosolymamLatin
1170s-1180sPetachiah of RegensburgTravels of Rabbi Petachia of RatisbonHebrew
1210Menachem ben Peretz of HebronHebrew
1217-18ThietmarLatin
1249Máel Muire Ó Lachtáinaccount lost
1300al-DimashqiCosmographiaArabic
1320sSymon SemeonisItinerarium Symonis Semeonis ab Hybernia ad Terram SanctamLatin
1420Nompar of CaumontVoyaige d'oultremer en JhérusalemFrenchfirst published 1858
1400Al-MaqriziA history of Mamluk sultans of EgyptArabicAl-Maqrizi (1840). Histoire des sultans mamlouks, de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe (in French and Latin). 1, part 1. Translator: Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
1433Bertrandon de La BrocquièreTravels of Bertrandon de La Brocq́uièreFrenchBertrandon de La Brocquière, Thomas Johnes, Legrand, Translated by Thomas Johnes, (1807): The Travels of Bertrandon de La Brocq́uière, to Palestine: And His Return from Jerusalem Overland to France, During the Years 1432 & 1433. Extracted and Put Into Modern French from a Manuscript in the National Library at Paris, 336 pages
1458Accounts of the 1458 pilgrimage: Giovanni Matteo Bottigella, Latin; Gabriele Capodilista, Italian Anton Pelchinger, German; Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona, Italian; William Wey, Latin; an anonymous Dutch accountvarious
1480Santo BrascaItalian
1486Georges LengherandTravel description of Venice, Rome, Jerusalem, Mount Sinai and CairoFrench
1486Conrad GrünenbergDescription of a pilgrimage from Konstanz to JerusalemAlemannic German**Conrad Grünenberg, Pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1486), ed. J. Goldfriedrich, W. Fränzel (1912, new facsimile edition 2009); ed. K. Aercke (2005); ed. A. Denke (2010)
1486Girolamo da CastiglioneDescription of a pilgrimage to the Holy LandItalian
1486Anonymous pilgrim from Rennes, possibly Guy de Tourestes of SaintesDescription of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and Mount SinaiFrench
1483Felix FabriLatinFabri, Felix (1896). Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol I, part I. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.

Fabri, Felix (1896). Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol I, part II. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
Fabri, Felix (1893). Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol II, part I. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
Fabri, Felix (1893). Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol II, part II. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society., with p. 677: Index

1586Giovanni ZuallardoDescription of a pigrimage to JerusalemLatinGiovanni Zuallardo (Fr.: Jean Zuallart), Dominique Danesi, Jac Demius, Philippe de Mérode (1595): Il devotissimo viaggio di Gierusalemme: fatto, e descritto in sei libri Published by Appresso Domenico Basa, 351 pages
1608Kryštof HarantJourney from Bohemia to the Holy Land, by way of Venice and the SeaCzech
1670sEvliya ÇelebiSeyahatnâme ("book of travels")Ottoman Turkish
1665Thevenot, J. deRelation d’un voyage fait au LevantFrench
1703Henry MaundrellA Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem At Easter A. D. 1697English

Ottoman period, 18th century

Ottoman period, 19th century
volume 2

Index p. 643

Ottoman period

British period
  • Livingstone, William Pringle (1923): A Galilee Doctor: Being a Sketch of the Career of Dr. D.W. Torrance of Tiberias, Published by Hodder and Stoughton, 295 pages
  • Ludwig Preiss, Paul Rohrbach (1926): Palestine and Transjordania Published by Macmillan, 230 pages

Debate over mid-nineteenth century depictions

During the 19th century, many residents and visitors attempted to estimate the population without recourse to official data, and came up with a large number of different values. Estimates that are reasonably reliable are only available for the final third of the century, from which period Ottoman population and taxation registers have been preserved.[7]

Mark Twain

In Chapters 46, 39, 52 and 56 of his Innocents Abroad, American author Mark Twain wrote of his visit to Palestine in 1867: "Palestine sits in sackcloth and ashes. Over it broods the spell of a curse that has withered its fields and fettered its energies. Palestine is desolate and unlovely – Palestine is no more of this workday world. It is sacred to poetry and tradition, it is dreamland."(Chapter 56)[8][9] "There was hardly a tree or a shrub anywhere. Even the olive and the cactus, those fast friends of a worthless soil, had almost deserted the country". (Chapter 52)[10] "A desolation is here that not even imagination can grace with the pomp of life and action. We reached Tabor safely. We never saw a human being on the whole route". (Chapter 49)[11] "There is not a solitary village throughout its whole extent – not for thirty miles in either direction. ...One may ride ten miles (16 km) hereabouts and not see ten human beings." ...these unpeopled deserts, these rusty mounds of barrenness..."(Chapter 46)[12]

These descriptions of the often quoted non-arable areas few people would inhabit are as Twain says, "by contrast" to occasional scenes of arable land and productive agriculture: "The narrow canon in which Nablous, or Shechem, is situated, is under high cultivation, and the soil is exceedingly black and fertile. It is well watered, and its affluent vegetation gains effect by contrast with the barren hills that tower on either side"..."Sometimes, in the glens, we came upon luxuriant orchards of figs, apricots, pomegranates, and such things, but oftener the scenery was rugged, mountainous, verdureless and forbidding"..."We came finally to the noble grove of orange-trees in which the Oriental city of Jaffa lies buried"..."Small shreds and patches of it must be very beautiful in the full flush of spring, however, and all the more beautiful by contrast with the far-reaching desolation that surrounds them on every side.[13]

Author Kathleen Christison was critical of attempts to use Twain's humorous writing as a literal description of Palestine at that time. She writes that "Twain's descriptions are high in Israeli government press handouts that present a case for Israel's redemption of a land that had previously been empty and barren. His gross characterizations of the land and the people in the time before mass Jewish immigration are also often used by US propagandists for Israel."[14] For example, she noted that Twain described the Samaritans of Nablus at length without mentioning the much larger Arab population at all.[15] The Arab population of Nablus at the time was about 20,000.[16]

Bayard Taylor

In 1852 the American writer Bayard Taylor traveled across the Jezreel Valley, which he described in his 1854 book The Lands of the Saracen; or, Pictures of Palestine, Asia Minor, Sicily and Spain as: "... one of the richest districts in the world"..."The soil is a dark-brown loam, and, without manure, produces annually superb crops of wheat and barley."[17][18]

Laurence Oliphant

Laurence Oliphant, who visited Palestine in 1887, wrote that Palestine's Valley of Esdraelon was "a huge green lake of waving wheat, with its village-crowned mounds rising from it like islands; and it presents one of the most striking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it is possible to conceive."[19]

Ahad Ha'am

After a visit to Palestine in 1891, Ahad Ha'am wrote:

From abroad, we are accustomed to believe that Eretz Israel is presently almost totally desolate, an uncultivated desert, and that anyone wishing to buy land there can come and buy all he wants. But in truth it is not so. In the entire land, it is hard to find tillable land that is not already tilled; only sandy fields or stony hills, suitable at best for planting trees or vines and, even that after considerable work and expense in clearing and preparing them- only these remain unworked. ... Many of our people who came to buy land have been in Eretz Israel for months, and have toured its length and width, without finding what they seek.[20]

Henry Baker Tristram

In 1856 Henry Baker Tristram said of Palestine "A few years ago the whole Ghor (Jordan Valley) was in the hands of the fellaheen, and much of it cultivated for corn. Now the whole of it is in the hands of the Bedouin, who eschew all agriculture…The same thing is now going on over the plain of Sharon where….land is going out of cultivation and whole villages rapidly disappeared….Since the year 1838, no less than twenty villages there have thus erased from the map, and the stationary population extirpated."[21]

Interpretations

Norman Finkelstein said in an interview with Adam Horowitz in Mondoweiss about the travel accounts: "... as you can imagine you are coming from London and you are going to Palestine, Palestine looks empty. That's not surprising. You've been to the occupied territories and even now if you are traveling on roads to the West Bank, most of it looks empty and this is now, the population in the West bank is about two million. Back then the population in the whole of Palestine — meaning the West Bank, Gaza, Israel and Jordan, the whole of Palestine — the population was about 300,000. So of course it's going to look empty".[22]

See also

Secondary literature

References
  1. Biblical Researches in Palestine, volume 3, First Appendix, pages 3-28
  2. Bibliographia Geographica Palaestinae. Zunächst Kristiche Übersicht Gedruckter und Ungedruckter Beschreibungen der Reisen ins Heilige Land ("Geographical Bibliography of Palestine. The First Critical Overview of Printed and Unprinted Descriptions of Travels to the Holy Land"), 1867
  3. Reinhold Röhricht Bibliotheca Geographica Palaestinae: Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes bezüglichen Literatur ("Geographical Bibliography of Palestine: Chronological Index of Literature relating to the Geography of the Holy Land"), Berlin: Reuther und Reichard, 1890
  4. Zur Shalev (14 October 2011). Sacred Words and Worlds: Geography, Religion, and Scholarship, 1550-1700. BRILL. p. 79. ISBN 978-90-04-20938-1.
  5. Ilan Pappe (31 July 2006). A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-521-68315-9. The foreign visitors were prolific writers. More than three thousand books and travelogues on Palestine were written by Europeans throughout the nineteenth century, all painting a picture of a primitive Palestine waiting to be redeemed by Europeans... We cannot quantify misery or joy, but Palestinian biographies from a short time later, and subsequent anthropological research, tell us that this picture represents the distorted view of European colonists.
  6. Johann Büssow (11 August 2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908. BRILL. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7.
  7. J. McCarthy, The population of Ottoman Syria and Iraq, 1878–1914, Asian and African Studies, vol. 15 (1981) pp. 3–44. K. H. Karpat, Ottoman population 1830–1914 (Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1985).
  8. Chapter 56.
  9. Lester I. Vogel. To See a Promised Land: Americans and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century. Pennsylvania State Univ Print. ISBN 978-0-271-00884-4.
  10. Chapter 52.
  11. Chapter 49.
  12. Chapter 46.
  13. Mark Twain – Travellers abroad"The narrow canon in which Nablous, or Shechem, is situated, is under high cultivation, and the soil is exceedingly black and fertile. It is well watered, and its affluent vegetation gains effect by contrast with the barren hills that tower on either side"..."Sometimes, in the glens, we came upon luxuriant orchards of figs, apricots, pomegranates, and such things, but oftener the scenery was rugged, mountainous, verdureless and forbidding" "We came finally to the noble grove of orange-trees in which the Oriental city of Jaffa lies buried" "Small shreds and patches of it must be very beautiful in the full flush of spring, however, and all the more beautiful by contrast with the far-reaching desolation that surrounds them on every side"
  14. K. Christison, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy, Univ. of California Press, 1999; p16.
  15. K. Christison, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on US Middle East Policy, Univ. of California Press, 1999; p. 20.
  16. B. B. Doumani, The political economy of population counts in Ottoman Palestine: Nablus, Circa 1950, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol 26 (1994) 1–17.
  17. "The Lands of the Saracen, by Bayard Taylor". Gutenberg.org. 1 February 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
  18. The Lands of the Saracen By Bayard Taylor – Page 32 "We rode for miles through a sea of wheat, waving far and wide over the swells of land. The tobacco in the fields about Ramleh was the most luxuriant I ever saw, and the olive and fig attain a size and lust' strength wholly unknown in Italy, Judea cursed of God! what a misconception, not only of God's mercy and beneficence, but of the actual fact!"
  19. Abu-Lughod, 1971, p. 126.
  20. Alan Dowty, Much Ado about Little: Ahad Ha'am's "Truth from Eretz Yisrael", Zionism, and the Arabs, Israel Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Fall 2000) 154–181.
  21. H.B. Tristram, The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels Through Palestine, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1865, p. 490
  22. "Finkelstein on Joan Peters's legacy (and Dershowitz's legal troubles)". Mondoweiss. 28 January 2015.
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