Trial of Catalonia independence leaders

The following six defendants were charged in the instruction of the Supreme Court yet it decided to send their cases to the High Court of Justice of Catalonia:[16]

Politicians

Name	Portrait	Office	Attorney General prosecution		Solicitor General prosecution		Vox prosecution		Defense lawyer
			Charge	Requested sentence	Charge	Requested sentence	Charge	Requested sentence
Ramona Barrufet		Fourth Secretary of the Parliament of Catalonia	Disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Serious disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Criminal organization Disobedience	12 years imprisonment 2 years special disqualification €108,000 fine	Judith Gené
Mireia Boya		President of the Popular Unity Candidacy–Constituent Call parliamentary group	Disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Serious disobedience	1 year & 4 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 8 months	Criminal organization Disobedience	12 years imprisonment 2 years special disqualification €108,000 fine	Benet Salellas, Isabel Afonso and Carles López
Lluís Corominas		President of the Junts pel Sí parliamentary group	Disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Serious disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Criminal organization Disobedience	12 years imprisonment 2 years special disqualification €108,000 fine
Lluís Guinó		First Vice-President of the Parliament of Catalonia	Disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Serious disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Criminal organization Disobedience	12 years imprisonment 2 years special disqualification €108,000 fine
Joan Josep Nuet		Third Secretary of the Parliament of Catalonia	Disobedience	1 year & 4 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 8 months	Serious disobedience	1 year & 4 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 8 months	Criminal organization Disobedience	12 years imprisonment 2 years special disqualification €108,000 fine	Enrique Leiva
Anna Simó		First Secretary of the Parliament of Catalonia	Disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Serious disobedience	1 year & 8 months special disqualification €100 fine per day for 10 months	Criminal organization Disobedience	12 years imprisonment 2 years special disqualification €108,000 fine	Olga Arderiu Ripoll,Raimon Tomás Vinardell

In addition, the prosecutor of the Spanish National Court (Audiencia Nacional) is requesting prison time for the former head of the Mossos d'Esquadra, Josep Lluís Trapero, and the rest of the Mossos d'Esquadra command in 2017.[17]

The trial began[18][19] on 20 January 2020 and due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain it was suspended on 13 March 2020.[20] The Audiencia Nacional resumed[21] the trial on 8 June 2020 and the case was remitted for decision on 17 June.[22]

On 8 June, the public prosecutor reduced the penalty against of Josep Lluís Trapero, Cèsar Puig and Pere Soler from 11 years in prison for rebellion to 10 years in prison for a crime of sedition although he announced that they would accept the disqualification for 10 years for sedition and a fine of 60.000€.[23][24] Likewise, he maintained the request for 4 years in jail against Teresa Laplana.[25]

Officials

Name	Portrait	Office	Charge	Requested sentence
Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez		Head of the Mossos d'Esquadra	Sedition	10 years imprisonment 10 years disqualification and a fine of 60.000€
Pere Soler		Director-General of Penitentiary Services and Director of the Mossos d'Esquadra	Sedition	10 years imprisonment 10 years disqualification and a fine of 60.000€
Cèsar Puig		Secretary-General of the Catalan Ministry of Interior	Sedition	10 years imprisonment 10 years disqualification and a fine of 60.000€
Teresa Laplana		Eixample District Head of the Mossos d'Esquadra	Sedition	4 years imprisonment 11 years absolute disqualification and 5 months fine

Rally against the trial in December 2018

On 7 March 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that "pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort", referring to the Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.[66]

On 15 October 2018, Amnesty International requested the immediate release of the two activists Sánchez and Cuixart (known as the Jordis since they share their first name), stating that the maintenance of provisional detention was unjustified and considering it an excessive and disproportionate restriction of their rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly, although without referring to them as prisoners of conscience.[67][68] In November 2018, Amnesty International's Campaigns Director for Europe, Fotis Filippou, announced in a letter addressed to the Jordis that he would supervise the trial "to analyze whether the guarantees of a fair trial were met".[69] Days before the beginning of the trial, Amnesty International asked the Court to allow its observers to attend it in order to evaluate that the guarantees of a fair trial were fulfilled. The Supreme Court refused their request arguing that publicly broadcasting the trial was enough.[70]

On 21 November 2018, more than 120 professors and law professors published a letter in the digital newspaper eldiario.es stating that neither the acts of 20 September nor 1 and 3 October 2017 saw the violence required in a crime of rebellion.[71] A group of MEPs stated that they wanted to attend the trial as observers.[72]

On 22 November 2018, the World Organisation Against Torture requested in an open letter addressed to the Spanish government, the Attorney General, and the ombudsman, the immediate release of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart. The same organization recalled that they had requested for their release several times without success.[73] The day after, the NGO Front Line Defenders also issued a statement calling for the release of Cuixart.[74][75]

In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of "Catalan political prisoners".[76]

On 1 December 2018, Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Turull declared that they were starting a hunger strike to protest against the Constitutional Court's obstacles to their appeals for protection, not allowing them to go to the European Court of Human Rights.[77] At the time after the strike began, the Constitutional Court had eight appeals admitted without a mention of the two prisoners, with them having filed the first appeal on 22 November of the previous year. According to the law on criminal prosecution, these appeals should have been resolved within a maximum period of 30 days. On 3 December 2018, Josep Rull and Joaquim Forn declared that they would join the hunger strike on the following day.[78]

On 19 December 2018, ex-presidents of the Generalitat, former speakers of the Catalan Parliament, and the Catalan Ombudsman (Síndic de greuges) made a public request for the politicians on hunger strike to bring it to an end. They argued that the hunger strike had already given visibility to their situation and was putting their lives in danger. A day later, the prisoners declared that they were stopping the hunger strike, since the protest "has awakened the Constitutional Court" and also since the court had already scheduled the resolution of the appeals filed.

More than 500 parliamentarians and former parliamentarians from 25 different countries signed a manifesto calling for the release of Carme Forcadell. Among these signatories were 35 MEPs and the presidents of the parliaments of Flanders, Corsica, Faroe Islands and the Basque Country. This initiative was promoted by the ex-presidents of the Catalan parliament Ernest Benach, Núria de Gispert and Joan Rigol.[79]

On 16 January 2019, the former presidents of the Catalan Parliament, and the Generalitat de Catalunya, along with the Ombudsman at their request, signed an official statement addressed to the Supreme Court asking them to "guarantee the right of defense for the defendants". They requested alternative measures other than imprisonment during the trial for the defendants, as these measures, including daily transfers to and from the prison and extended waiting times in their cells, could "difficult continuous contact with their lawyers and limit active participation in their defense for no legal reason, thus restricting their right".[80]

On 21 January 2019, the PEN Club International presented a manifesto signed by 148 PEN members from 100 countries around the world, denouncing the "disproportionate charges of sedition and rebellion" against the Jordis.[81] Nobel Prize winner Mario Vargas Llosa resigned from PEN International in disagreement with the manifesto, claiming it had been pushed by the Catalonian branch of PEN International as part of an "international campaign to disfigure the truth" carried by pro-independence activists.[82]

On 30 January 2019, the vice president of the European Commission, Frans Timmermans stated that the institution has "no reasons to doubt that the right to a fair trial is guaranteed." He added that he has no evidence pointing to "breaches of the principle of the separation of powers or issues in relation to judicial independence in Spain." in reply to a parliamentary question by Josep Maria Terricabras from the pro-independence Republican Left of Catalonia party.[83]

The day before the beginning of the trial, 11 February 2019, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to "the Catalonian activists being tried" and added that "perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia.".[84] On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the "immediate" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their "concern" due to a "lack of procedural guarantees during the trial".[85] The day after, the International Commission of Jurists denounced the trial "unduly restricts rights of freedom of expression, assembly and association".[86]

On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Junqueras, Cuixart and Sànchez and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised "doubts" about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".[87][88]

On 14 October 2019, a guilty verdict was made public by the Supreme Court of Spain. Nine of the twelve accused were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 9 to 13 years after being found guilty of sedition and some of them also with misuse of public funds. This verdict caused various reactions:[89]

Amnesty International called for the immediate release of Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez and denounced the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition by the Spanish Supreme Court, stating that it could have negative effects on the freedom to protest in Spain.[90] On the other hand, it also stated that there is no reason to believe this trial to be unfair according to international standards.[91] Furthermore, Amnesty International does not recognize the convicted senior officials as political prisoners or prisoners of conscience.[92]

Partial view of a rally on 17 October in Barcelona

Catalan protesters in Barcelona on 26 October

Basque solidarity with the Catalan leaders and referendum in Donostia (San Sebastián) on 19 October

As soon as the verdict was made public, large crowds of protesters gathered at Barcelona-El Prat Airport following instructions by various pro-independence associations. The protest caused 108 flights to be canceled. National and regional police charged against the demonstrators to disperse the crowds blocking the access to the airport. Some of them threw rocks, cans and used fire extinguishers.[89][93] Police responded with anti-riot tactics including using batons and foam bullets. 131 protesters and 40 police officers (34 from the Mossos d'Esquadra and 6 from the national police) were injured as a result of the clashes at the airport and elsewhere on that day.[94][95]

Protests also sparked in multiple places across Catalonia. There were also police charges at the Via Laietana in downtown Barcelona after demonstrators gathered at the national police headquarters, started throwing various objects at the agents who were guarding it.[96] Protesters also blocked various roads across Catalonia as well as part of the train infrastructure and some metro stations.[97] Protesters demanded freedom for the prisoners shouting "This is not justice, this is revenge".[89] The transportation shutdown tactics have been described as inspired by or similar to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.[98][99][100] El País reported that the leaderless group Democratic Tsunami started the airport protest, with one of its members shouting "we're going to do a Hong Kong" in Catalunya Square before the airport shutdown.[99]

The protests continued into a second day, with groups of demonstrators in towns and cities across Catalonia. Though they started peacefully, some protestors began throwing small items at the police, with some in Barcelona setting fire to public litter bins. The regional government said that violence was limited, and performed by "small groups [that] infiltrated"[101] the peaceful protests. Protestors also remained at the airport, cancelling another 40 flights. More protests were organised for the rest of the week, leading up to a regional strike organised by trade unions on the Friday.[98]

• Oriol Junqueras accused Spain of jailing them for their political ideals. He declared that the separatists would return even stronger and thanked his supporters for persevering.[89][102]
• Raul Romeva claimed that they had already been enduring pre-trial detention for months and that they are being used to make the political problems chronic. He said that the sentence was aimed against their movement but that the unjust jail-term can be used as a tool for continuing fighting with more determination for their collective rights. Romeva also claimed that no sentence can change the political aspirations of millions of citizens.[102]
• Carme Forcadell declared that "the injustice had been consummated". She argued that free parliamentarian debate is not a crime but a right that must be defended. On the day of the verdict she said "Today democracy lives a dark day, but not even in times like this should defeatism win. We will come out of this!".[102]

• Pedro Sánchez, the Prime Minister of Spain said: “This has been a judicial process with full guarantees and transparency ... The government of Spain will work in the coming days toward guaranteeing public order and protecting our democratic laws as it has always done”. Sánchez insisted that the leaders had been jailed for criminal conduct and not for their ideals and claimed that his government would ensure the complete fulfillment of the sentences.[89][103]
• Pablo Iglesias, the leader of Podemos said: “With regard to the sentence, it is clear that there is consensus in the court that there was no violence, something that was evident to everyone, including the greatest adversaries of independence, But beyond the strictly legal debates, this sentence will go down in the history of Spain as a symbol of how not to deal with political conflicts in a democracy”.[104]
• Pablo Casado, the Leader of the Opposition People's Party said: “Pedro Sanchez must affirm today that he will not pardon those convicted ... We will be at the side of the government to preserve public order and to avoid violent attitudes in the streets”.[104]
• Roger Torrent, President of the Parliament of Catalonia and member of the pro-independence party Republican Left of Catalonia said: “Today we are all convicted, not just 12 people. This sentence is an attack on democracy and the rights of all citizens. They imprison the speaker of parliament, the vice-president, the government councillors and civil society leaders, but also our freedoms. We will turn sadness into energy. Without violence, we defend fundamental rights and freedoms. As we have always done, we will find the strength and intelligence necessary to resist the worst attacks and build scenarios of future and hope”.[104]
• Mina Andreeva, Spokeswoman for the European Commission said: "This is and remains an internal matter for Spain, which has to be dealt inline with its constitutional order. The European Commission fully respects the Spanish constitutional order, including the decisions of the Spanish judiciary. On the protests I can only reiterate that of course, the right to demonstrate peacefully and to express one's opinion is guaranteed throughout Europe".[105][106]