Type 35 torpedo boat

The 1930 London Naval Treaty had a clause that ships below 600 long tons (610 t) standard displacement did not count against the national tonnage limits, so the Kriegsmarine attempted to design a high-speed, ocean-going torpedo boat with a maximum displacement of 600 long tons. This proved to be impossible as the over-ambitious high-speed requirement demanded use of the same troublesome high-pressure boilers that were being installed in the Type 1934 destroyers. The maintenance problems with the boilers were exacerbated by the lack of access to the machinery allowed by the restricted spaces of the lightly-built and narrow hull. The naval historian M. J. Whitley deemed "the whole concept, with the benefit of hindsight, must be considered a gross waste of men and materials, for these torpedo boats were rarely employed in their designed role."[1]

The boats had an overall length of 84.3 meters (276 ft 7 in) and were 82.2 meters (269 ft 8 in) long at the waterline. After the bow was rebuilt in 1941 to improve seaworthiness, the overall length increased to 87.1 meters (285 ft 9 in).[2] They had a beam of 8.62 meters (28 ft 3 in), and a mean draft of 2.83 meters (9 ft 3 in) at deep load and displaced 859 long tons (873 t) at standard load and 1,108 long tons (1,126 t) at deep load. Their hull was divided into 12 watertight compartments and it was fitted with a double bottom that covered 75% of their length.[3] The boats had a metacentric height of 0.74 meters (2.4 ft). They were considered excellent sea boats and were very maneuverable. They were, however, very wet forward in a head sea until the bow was rebuilt.[2] The crew numbered 119 officers and sailors.[4]

The Type 35s had two sets of Wagner geared steam turbines, each driving a single three-bladed 2.45–2.6-meter (8 ft 0 in–8 ft 6 in) propeller,[2] using steam provided by four Wagner water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 70 kg/cm² (6,865 kPa; 996 psi) and a temperature of 460 °C (860 °F). The turbines were designed to produce 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) for a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The boats carried a maximum of 191 metric tons (188 long tons) of fuel oil which gave a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph).[5]

Although the first few boats were completed at the end of 1939, maintenance problems with the boilers and modifications to the bridge and the normal issues associated with working up boats of a new class, kept them in German waters until mid-1940. Assigned to the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, T2, T7 and T8 began escorting minelayers as they laid a minefield in the North Sea in August. By the end of the month, T1, T2 and T3 were assigned to the 1st Torpedo Boat Flotilla while T5, T6, T7 and T8 were assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. Both flotillas continued to escort minelayers in the North Sea and the English Channel and the Straits of Dover. T12 was transferred to Norway for convoy escort duties in September. T2 was damaged by British bombers on 9 September and returned to Germany for repairs. T3 was sunk by British bombers nine days later, although she was refloated in 1941 and towed back to Germany. By November the 1st and 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotillas with T1, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 between them had transferred to Stavanger, Norway. On 6 November they departed in an attempt to attack two coastal convoys that had been spotted off the Scottish coast, but they ran into a British minefield that sank T6 and they returned to port after recovering the survivors. T11 remained in France until December when she began a lengthy refit in Germany. All of her sisters began their own refits between January and March 1941.[15]

After completing their refits, T2, T5, T8 and T11 supported German forces invading the Estonian islands (Operation Beowulf) in mid-September and then, reinforced by T7, they escorted the battleship Tirpitz, as it sortied into the Sea of Åland on 23–29 September to forestall any attempt by the Soviet Red Banner Baltic Fleet to breakout from the Gulf of Finland. T1, T8, T9 and T10 were reduced to reserve at some point during the year to alleviate manpower shortages. In November, T4, T7 and T12 successfully escorted the commerce raider Komet through the Channel and into the Atlantic despite an attack by British motor torpedo boats (MTBs). The following month T2, T4, T7, T12 and the torpedo boat T14 successfully did the same for the commerce raider Thor although the British failed to react.[16]

On the morning of 12 February 1942, the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla (with T2, T4, T5, T11 and T12) rendezvoused with the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to help escort them through the Channel to Germany in the Channel Dash. After their arrival, T4, T5, T11 and T12 were transferred to Norway for escort duties and were joined by T7 in April while T2 was reduced to reserve, followed by T11. T1 and T8 were reactivated and assigned to the Torpedo School as training ships in mid-1942. T4 returned to France in June, followed shortly afterwards by T10, and were assigned to 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. The flotilla made an unsuccessful attempt to escort Komet through the Channel in October. They were intercepted by a British force of five escort destroyers and eight MTBs that sank the raider and severely damaged T10 which subsequently returned home and was paid off into reserve. T7 was briefly put in reserve in October before being assigned to the Torpedo School in January 1943.[17]

T4 and T10 returned to Germany in January and then joined T1, T7, T8 and T11 in the Torpedo School. T2 was activated and joined T9 and T12 in France in March 1943 while T5 arrived there that same month. T2, T9 and T12, all assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, were some of the escorts in late March for the Italian blockade runner, Himalaya, in her attempt to breakout through the Bay of Biscay, but the Italian ship turned back when she was spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Another attempt was made several weeks later, but failed when she was spotted by British aircraft and forced to return by heavy aerial attacks. T9 and T12 sailed to Germany in May for a refit and were then assigned to the Torpedo School while T2 was transferred to the Baltic in July and was assigned to the Torpedo School in October together with T5. T3 completed her repairs in December and was then assigned to the Torpedo School.[18]

Beginning in March 1944, the boats began to return to active duty with the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla escorting ships in the Baltic and supporting Axis forces against advancing Soviet troops. T8 and T10, together with the torpedo boat T30, and Finnish forces participated in a failed attempt to recapture the island of Narvi on 27/28 June. The three torpedo boats damaged a Soviet patrol boat off Narva, Estonia, on 16 July. On 29 July, T2 and T7 were sunk by American bombers attacking Bremen. Both ships were refloated, but neither was repaired. On the night of 23/24 November, the flotilla, which included T3, T5, T9 and T12, screened the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer as she shelled Soviet positions during the evacuation of Sworbe, on the Estonian island of Ösel. T10 was damaged during a Soviet air raid on Libau, Latvia, on 15 December. She sailed to Gotenhafen for repairs and was in a floating drydock when the British bombed the port on 18 December. The drydock was badly damaged and several bombs landed between the drydock's walls and T10's hull, blowing large holes in the latter and she sank the following day.[19]

T1 and T12 were among the escorts for Prinz Eugen as she supported a German counterattack against advancing Soviet forces near Cranz, East Prussia, on 29–30 January 1945. T8 screened the heavy cruiser Lützow as she bombarded Soviet positions near Frauenburg on 8 February. While escorting a convoy on 14 March, T3 and T5 struck mines laid by a Soviet submarine and sank. T1 sank after being hit by British bombs in Kiel on the night of 9 April and T8 and T9 were sunk by British aircraft on 3 May. T4, T11 and T12 were the only Type 35s to survive the war. The first two were allocated to the United States and Great Britain when the Allies divided the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine amongst themselves in late 1945, but their navies had no interest in them. T4 was sold to Denmark on in 1948 for use as a MTB leader, but was never commissioned and the boat was demolished in 1950–1951. The British transferred T11 to France in 1946 which renamed her Bir Hacheim. The boat was immediately placed in reserve until she was stricken on 8 October 1951 and subsequently scrapped. T12 was allocated to the Soviet Union and renamed Podvizhny in 1946.[20] She served with the Baltic Fleet until 1949, when she seriously damaged by a boiler explosion. The boat was withdrawn from service on in 1953 and renamed Kit in 1954 for use as a vessel in simulated nuclear testing on Lake Ladoga, the boat was scuttled in shallow water in 1959. In mid-1991, the radioactively contaminated wreck was raised and towed to a different location, where it was scuttled in deeper water.[21][22]

• Berezhnoy, Sergey (1994). Трофеи и репарации ВМФ СССР [Trophies and reparations of the Soviet Navy] (in Russian). Yakutsk: Sakhapoligrafizdat. OCLC 33334505.
• Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
• Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
• Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Volume 1: Major Surface Warships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9.
• Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la Flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. II: 1879–2006. Toulon, France: J.-M. Roche. ISBN 2952591717.
• Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
• Whitley, M. J. (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.
• Whitley, M. J. (1991). German Destroyers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-302-8.

• Type 35 on German Navy.de