Vaccine-preventable diseases

A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists. If a person acquires a vaccine-preventable disease and dies from it, the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.

The most common and serious vaccine-preventable diseases tracked by the World Health Organization (WHO) are: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infection, hepatitis B, measles, meningitis, mumps, pertussis, poliomyelitis, rubella, tetanus, tuberculosis, and yellow fever.[1] The WHO reports licensed vaccines being available to prevent, or contribute to the prevention and control of, 27 vaccine-preventable infections.[2]

Background

In 2012, the World Health Organization estimated that vaccination prevents 2.5 million deaths each year.[2] With 100% immunization, and 100% efficacy of the vaccines, one out of seven deaths among young children could be prevented, mostly in developing countries, making this an important global health issue.[1] Four diseases were responsible for 98% of vaccine-preventable deaths: measles, Haemophilus influenzae serotype b, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus.[1]

The Immunization Surveillance, Assessment and Monitoring program of the WHO monitors and assesses the safety and effectiveness of programs and vaccines at reducing illness and deaths from diseases that could be prevented by vaccines.[3]

Vaccine-preventable deaths are usually caused by a failure to obtain the vaccine in a timely manner. This may be due to financial constraints or to lack of access to the vaccine. A vaccine that is generally recommended may be medically inappropriate for a small number of people due to severe allergies or a damaged immune system. In addition, a vaccine against a given disease may not be recommended for general use in a given country, or may be recommended only to certain populations, such as young children or older adults. Every country makes its own immunization recommendations, based on the diseases that are common in its area and its healthcare priorities. If a vaccine-preventable disease is uncommon in a country, then residents of that country are unlikely to receive a vaccine against it. For example, residents of Canada and the United States do not routinely receive vaccines against yellow fever, which leaves them vulnerable to infection if travelling to areas where risk of yellow fever is highest (endemic or transitional regions).[4][5]

List of vaccine-preventable diseases
A child being immunized against polio

The WHO lists 28 diseases (excluding COVID-19) for which vaccines are available:[2]

  1. Cholera
  2. COVID-19 (available but not on current WHO list)
  3. Dengue fever[6]
  4. Diphtheria
  5. Ebolavirus
  6. Haemophilus influenzae type b
  7. Hepatitis A
  8. Hepatitis B
  9. Hepatitis E
  10. Human papillomavirus infection
  11. Influenza
  12. Japanese encephalitis
  13. Malaria[6]
  14. Measles
  15. Meningococcal disease
  16. Mumps
  17. Pneumococcal disease
  18. Pertussis
  19. Poliomyelitis
  20. Rabies
  21. Rotavirus gastroenteritis
  22. Rubella
  23. Tetanus
  24. Tick-borne encephalitis
  25. Tuberculosis
  26. Typhoid fever
  27. Varicella
  28. Yellow fever
  29. Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Used in non humans
  1. Bordetella
  2. Canine distemper
  3. Canine influenza
  4. Canine parvovirus
  5. Chlamydia
  6. Feline calicivirus
  7. Feline distemper
  8. Feline leukemia
  9. Feline viral rhinotracheitis
  10. Leptospirosis
  11. Lyme disease

Vaccine-preventable diseases demonstrated in the laboratory on other animals

See also

References
  1. "WHO | Vaccine-preventable diseases".
  2. World Health Organization, Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020. Geneva, 2012.
  3. "Immunization Surveillance, Assessment and Monitoring". Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  4. Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Immunization Guide. Accessed 10 April 2014.
  5. Immunization Action Coalition, Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Yellow Fever. Accessed 10 April 2014.
  6. Added to the list 2016. http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/en/
  7. Wein, Harrison (2018-03-26). "Gut microbe drives autoimmunity". National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  8. Kashef, Ziba (2018-03-08). "The enemy within: Gut bacteria drive autoimmune disease". YaleNews. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
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