Velma Demerson

Demerson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia to a family of European ancestry. After her parents divorced, she lived in Toronto in a rooming house on Church Street with her mother, who supported the family by managing the house and reading tea leaves in the parlour under the name "Madam Alice". Her father, on the other hand, remained in Saint John where he was a successful restaurateur.[1]

At the age of 18, Demerson met Harry Yip in a Yonge Street café where he worked as a waiter. Eventually gaining his attention, they began dating and she soon moved in with him.[1] When her father found out that she was involved with a Chinese man, he took a train from Saint John to Toronto in order to seek the intervention of the Toronto Police.[1]

Female Refuges Act
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Citation	RSO 1927, c 347
Territorial extent	Ontario
Enacted	1897
Repealed	1964
Status: Repealed

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Demerson, a white Canadian of European ancestry, was arrested at the home of her fiancé, Harry Yip, by two constables after they entered the apartment with her father who stated "that's her."[1] Pregnant with Yip's baby, she was convicted of being "incorrigible" under an 1897 law the Female Refuges Act.

This Ontario law, which was not repealed until 1964, allowed the government to arrest and institutionalize women between the ages of 16 and 35 for such behaviour as promiscuity, pregnancy out of wedlock, public drunkenness, prostitution, or vagrancy. Demerson was incarcerated at the Mercer Reformatory for Women in Toronto for a period of ten months for consorting with a Chinese man.[1]

While incarcerated she gave birth to her mixed race son, Harry Jr., who at 3 months was taken away from her until her release. She was also subjected to several involuntary medical procedures by a 'reformatory' doctor, a leading eugenics practitioner searching for evidence of physical deficiencies contributing to the moral defectives of "unmanageable women."[2][3][4]

Upon her release from the Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women in 1940, she married Yip, though the marriage ended in divorce 3 years later because of the difficulties of dealing with the stigmatism of the time, having trouble maintaining jobs, taking secretarial courses, and also both alternately caring for the sickly son (who Demerson purported that his asthma and severe eczema was caused by treatments and experimental drugs given her by the reformatory's doctor). Frustrated that her son was also subject to constant racist insults at school, she took him to Hong Kong in hopes of shielding him from bigotry, obtaining work teaching English and shorthand to Chinese students. However, she found herself in financial distress and sent him back to Toronto, before returning herself, to live with his father who was unable to care for him and work, gave him up to foster care. />

While Demerson worked as a waitress she continued to see her son regularly, but he became attached to his foster mother and the stability her home provided. Her husband Harry Yip disappeared. She could not find him to reconcile. She gave up hope of reuniting the family, and she fled to Vancouver, joined political groups and became involved in the Peace movement and protests during the Vietnam War. This helped her to come to terms with her past trauma. Her son became estranged from her, and later died of an asthma attack while swimming at the age of 26 which crushed Demerson who had tried to maintain a relationship with him. In Vancouver, she had remarried and had a daughter and a son. After later separating from her second husband she continued to raise the now two older children as a single parent, and working as a secretary in government and legal offices until her retirement.[1]

Demerson's marriage with Yip had committed an act which she soon found had stripped her of her Canadian citizenship under the 1946 Canadian Citizenship Act, according to which woman who married a non-Canadian were deemed to have taken their husband's citizenship. However, an application for Chinese citizenship was denied by Chinese embassy officials and she remained officially stateless until 2004.[3] Under the terms of the Act, a woman who applied to have her citizenship returned would receive it. Demerson applied on 13 November 1948, for which she was finger-printed and given a "Declaration of Intention" to sign. This was an incorrect form signed by at least 4 persons. She was denied citizenship. Later she was able to get a birth certificate with her maiden name and acquired citizenship.

After retiring, Demerson moved back to Toronto in the late 1980s and began searching through government documents and researching her case in order to come to terms with what had happened to her in her youth, and where she wrote the book "Incorrible" about her experience. She ultimately sought out paralegal Harry Kopyto, who became interested in her case and conducted legal research into the Female Refuges Act under which she imprisoned. Kopyto came to the conclusion that, as a provincial law, it violated the Constitution by legislating in criminal law, which is an exclusively federal responsibility.[1]

In 2002, Demerson sued the Ontario government for $11 million for the pain and suffering during her incarceration. The Ontario Superior Court refused to hear the case, citing that the Ontario government is immune to lawsuits stemming from incidents prior to 1964.[5] Later that year, however, she settled out of court, receiving an apology from the Attorney-General of Ontario and financial compensation in an undisclosed amount from the provincial government.[2][6]

Demerson was one of the only survivors of the Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women who, 60 years after her incarceration at the Reformatory in 1939, received compensation from the Ontario government at the age of 81.[5] She was never able to find other women who had been at the Mercer Reformatory, by researching the inmates from the archives, and even through all the publicity she received. In 2002, she was awarded the J.S. Woodsworth Prize for anti-racism by the New Democratic Party of Canada. In 2018, Member of Parliament Hedy Fry apologised to her on behalf of the Canadian government for the loss of her citizenship.[1][7] She relocated back to Vancouver, then, again later returned to Toronto to research the Eugenist doctor and over several more years wrote the book "Nazis in Canada" about that doctor's life and how she was able establish a elitist position as a head doctor in the Mercer Reformatory, with government approval, where she was able to conduct invasive, painful treatments on inmates without being scrutinized, and do her Eugenic research. Demerson returned to British Columbia in 2018 where her adult children lived, at 97, and died in a Vancouver hospital on May 13, 2019, at the age of 98.[1][8]

• "Incorrigible: A Film About Velma Demerson." Vimeo.