Vought OS2U Kingfisher

The Vought OS2U Kingfisher is an American catapult-launched observation floatplane. It was a compact mid-wing monoplane, with a large central float and small stabilizing floats. Performance was modest because of its low-powered engine. The OS2U could also operate on fixed, wheeled, taildragger landing gear.

OS2U Kingfisher
Role Observation floatplane
Manufacturer Vought
First flight 1938
Retired 1959 (Cuba)
Primary users United States Navy
Royal Navy
Royal Australian Air Force
Soviet Navy
Number built 1,519

The OS2U was the main shipboard observation seaplane used by the United States Navy during World War II, and 1,519 of the aircraft were built. It served on battleships and cruisers of the US Navy, with the United States Marine Corps in Marine Scouting Squadron Three (VMS-3), with the United States Coast Guard at coastal air stations, at sea with the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy, and with the Soviet Navy. The Royal Australian Air Force also operated a few Kingfishers from shore bases.

The Naval Aircraft Factory OS2N was the designation of the OS2U-3 aircraft built by the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The OS2U first flew on 1 March 1938.

Design and development

In the late 1930s, Vought engineer Rex B. Beisel was tasked with designing an observation monoplane aircraft for the U.S. Navy suitable for a multitude of tasks including directing battleship fire. In replacing the standard biplane observation aircraft with a more modern monoplane design, Beisel incorporated innovations making it the first production type to be assembled with spot welding, a process Vought and the Naval Aircraft Factory jointly developed to create a smooth fuselage that resisted buckling and generated less drag. Beisel also introduced high-lift devices, spoilers and in a unique arrangement, deflector plate flaps and drooping ailerons located on the trailing edge of the wing were deployed to increase the camber of the wing and thus create additional lift.[1]

For combat missions, the pilot had a .30-caliber Browning M1919 machine gun, the receiver mounted low in the right front cockpit, firing between the engine cylinder heads, while the radio operator/gunner manned another .30-caliber machine gun (or a pair) on a flexible Scarff ring mount. The aircraft could also carry two 100 lb bombs or two 325 lb depth charges.[1] Additionally, the "Kingfisher", as it was designated, served as a trainer in both its seaplane and landplane configurations.[2]

Aviation cadet in OS2U Kingfisher at the Naval Air Base, Corpus Christi, Texas

Beisel's first prototype flew in 1938, powered by an air-cooled, 450 hp Pratt & Whitney R-985-4 Wasp Junior radial engine.[1]

Operational history
Downed American airmen near Truk await rescue on the wings of an OS2U Kingfisher

The first 54 Kingfishers were delivered to the U.S. Navy beginning in August 1940 and six had been assigned to the Pearl Harbor-based Battle Force before the end of the same year. Many of the following 158 OS2U-2s were attached to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, but 53 were assigned to equip the newly established Inshore Patrol Squadrons, based at NAS Jacksonville, Florida. In 1942, nine more Inshore Patrol Squadrons were established, all exclusively equipped with OS2N-1s built by the Naval Aircraft Factory.[3]

The Kingfisher was widely used as a shipboard, catapult-launched scout plane on U.S. Navy battleships, heavy cruisers and light cruisers during World War II, as well as playing a major role in support of shore bombardments and air-sea rescue. Two examples showing the plane's rescue capabilities include the recovery of World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker and his crew from the Pacific in November 1942[4] and Lieutenant John A. Burns' unique use of the aircraft on 30 April 1944 to taxi airmen rescued from Truk Lagoon to the submarine Tang, which was serving rescue duty near the atoll on that date. In all, LT Burns rescued 10 survivors on two trips[5] and was awarded the Navy Cross for his efforts.

Australia received 18 Kingfishers from a batch of aircraft ordered by the Dutch East Indies that was diverted to Australia in 1942. They were initially used as training aircraft for pilots destined for flying boats, but in 1943, they were used to equip No. 107 Squadron RAAF, which carried out convoy escort duties until disbanded in October 1945.[6] One Kingfisher was used in support of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947–48.[7]

Throughout its U.S. Navy service, the OS2U and even its predecessor, the Curtiss SOC Seagull served much longer than planned, as the planned successor, the Curtiss SO3C Seamew, suffered from an insufficiently powerful engine which was a complete failure.[8] The OS2U was only slowly replaced in the latter stages of World War II with the introduction of the Curtiss SC Seahawk, the first examples reaching the U.S. Navy in October 1944.[9]

Variants
An OS2N-1 at the Naval Aircraft Factory, 1941.
XOS2U-1
Prototype Vought Model VS.310 powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-4 engine, one built.
OS2U-1
Initial production variant as the prototype but powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-48, 54 built.
OS2U-2
Production variant with minor equipment changes and powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-50, 158 built.
OS2U-3
Based on the OS2U-2 with self-sealing fuel tanks, armour protection, two .30 cal (7.62 mm) guns (dorsal and nose mounted), and able to carry 325 lb (147 kg) of depth charges or 100 lb (45 kg) bombs, powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN2 engine, 1006 built.
OS2U-4
Two aircraft converted with narrow-chord and high-aspect ratio wings, also fitted with full-span flaps. Not developed.
OS2N-1
Naval Aircraft Factory built OS2U-3 with a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-2 or -AN-8 engine, 300 built.
Kingfisher I
British designation for the OS2U-3, 100 delivered to the Royal Navy.

Operators
An OS2U of 107 Sqn RAAF.
A Fleet Air Arm 778 NAS Kingfisher at Arbroath.
Cuban Vought-Sikorsky Kingfisher.
 Australia
 Chile
15 aircraft, operated 1942–1957.
 Cuba
Operated four aircraft between 1942 and 1959.
 Dominican Republic
(Three aircraft)
 Mexico
Six aircraft, 201 Squadron.
 Netherlands
24 aircraft, not delivered in time for hostilities.
 Soviet Union
2 aircraft on the ship USS Milwaukee (Murmansk)
 United Kingdom
Received 100 aircraft.
 United States
 Uruguay
Received six OS2U-3s in 1942 under Lend Lease.[10]

Aircraft on display
Iowa launches (left) while Missouri recovers (right) Vought OS2U Kingfishers in 1944.

At least eight Kingfishers survive in collections of historic aircraft around the world:[11]

Australia
OS2U-3
  • 5985 – Whale World, Albany, Western Australia. It is also waiting "to be restored." Originally built for Netherlands Navy in Dutch East Indies, it was transferred to the RAAF in 1942, serving with Seaplane Training Flight (later 3 OTU) and 107 Sqn before being sold as war surplus in 1945.[12] Now with Pioneer Aero Ardmore New Zealand for restoration, see below.

Chile
OS2U-3
  • 5925 – Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio de Chile, Santiago.[13]

Cuba
OS2U-3

New Zealand
OS2U-3
  • 5985 – Pioneer Aero, Auckland, New Zealand. Currently undergoing restoration. Originally built for Netherlands Navy in Dutch East Indies, it was transferred to the RAAF in 1942, serving with Seaplane Training Flight (later 3 OTU) and 107 Sqn before being sold as war surplus in 1945.[15]
  • 5982- Pioneer Aero, Auckland, New Zealand. Currently in Storage for future restoration.

United States
On display
OS2U-3
In storage
OS2U-3

Specifications (OS2U-3)
OS2U Kingfisher at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

Data from Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II[22]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 33 ft 7.2 in (10.241 m)
  • Wingspan: 35 ft 10.7 in (10.940 m)
  • Height: 14 ft 8 in (4.47 m)
  • Wing area: 261.9 sq ft (24.33 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 23015; tip: NACA 23009[23]
  • Empty weight: 3,335 lb (1,513 kg)
  • Gross weight: 4,980 lb (2,259 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 6,000 lb (2,722 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 144 US gal (120 imp gal; 545 l) in an integral wing tank
  • Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN2 Wasp Junior 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 450 hp (340 kW) for take-off
400 hp (298 kW) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 171 mph (275 km/h, 149 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • Cruise speed: 152 mph (245 km/h, 132 kn) with 75% power at 6,000 ft (1,829 m)
  • Landing speed: 55 mph (48 kn; 89 km/h)
  • Range: 908 mi (1,461 km, 789 nmi) with 75% power at 6,000 ft (1,829 m)
  • Service ceiling: 18,200 ft (5,500 m)
  • Rate of climb: 960 ft/min (4.9 m/s) at 4,000 ft (1,219 m)
  • Wing loading: 19 lb/sq ft (93 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.08 hp/lb (0.13 kW/kg)

Armament

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. Noles, James Jr "Old, slow and ugly." Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine Air and Space, February/March 2005, p. 66.
  2. Hickman 2010, p. 59.
  3. Bowers 1990, p. 447.
  4. Doll and Jackson 1975, pp. 122–123
  5. Doll and Jackson 1975, pp.123, 127.
  6. Vincent 1998, pp. 54–59.
  7. Vincent 1998, pp. 61–62.
  8. Bowers 1990, p. 164.
  9. Bowers 1990, p. 169.
  10. Steinemann Air International February 1992, p. 73.
  11. "Vought OS2U (Kingfisher)." Archived 2012-04-03 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Enthusiast Corner. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  12. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/5985 in Australia." airliners.net. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  13. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/5925 in Chile" (in Spanish language). Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine museoaeronautico.cl. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  14. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/Unknown in Cuba." airliners.net. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  15. http://www.pioneeraero.co.nz/. Archived 2017-04-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 5 April 2017.
  16. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/1368." Archived 2012-09-04 at the Wayback Machine USS Alabama Museum. Retrieved: 13 June 2012.
  17. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/5909." NASM. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  18. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/5926." National Museum of Naval Aviation. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  19. "OS2U-3 Kingfisher/Unknown at USS North Carolina." and sent to the battleship in 1971. The 2018 restoration of the Kingfisher was managed by a Wilmington resident and the Carolina Chapter of the Flight Deck Veterans Group (http://www.fdvg.org/single-post/2018/02/08/FDVG-Strikes-Again-with-Operation-Restoration-USS-North-Carolina).Archived+2011-01-12+at+the+Wayback+Machine USS North Carolina. Retrieved: 12 January 2011.
  20. Yanks Air Museum – Vought OS2U-3 Kingfisher. Retrieved: 6 October 2018.
  21. Aerial Visuals - Airframe Dossier Retrieved: 6 October 2018.
  22. Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1989). Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II (1995 ed.). New York: Military Press. p. 214. ISBN 0517679647.
  23. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography
  • Adcock, Al. OS2U Kingfisher in Action (Aircraft in Action No. 119). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-89747-270-5.
  • Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, pp. 447–448. ISBN 0-87021-792-5.
  • Doll, Thomas E. and B.R. Jackson. "Vought-Sikorsky OS2U Kingfisher". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 14. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1974, pp. 113–136. ISBN 0-85383-023-1.
  • Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng, eds. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002, ISBN 0-7607-3432-1.
  • Hickman, Patrick M. The Aircraft Collection. Pensacola, Florida: The Naval Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc., 2010.
  • Pattison, Barry. Kingfisher in the Antipodes. Glen Waverly, Victoria 3150, Australia: Red Roo Model Publications, 1998.
  • Steinemann, Peter. "Protector of the Plate". Air International, Vol. 42, No. 2, February 1992. pp. 73–78. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Sturtivant, Ray and M. Burrow. Fleet Air Arm Aircraft: 1939 to 1945. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1995. ISBN 0-85130-232-7.
  • Vincent, David. "Kangaroo Kingfishers". Air Enthusiast, No. 77, September/October 1998. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. pp. 54–62. ISSN 0143-5450.
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