Walney Island

Walney Island,[1] also known as the Isle of Walney, is an island off the west coast of England, at the western end of Morecambe Bay in the Irish Sea. It is part of Barrow-in-Furness, separated from the mainland by Walney Channel, which is spanned by the Jubilee Bridge. Walney is the largest island of the Furness Islands group, both in population and size, as well as the largest English island in the Irish Sea. Its population at the 2011 UK Census was 10,651, distributed evenly across the island's two Wards of Walney North and Walney South.[2]

Walney Island
Walney From The Channelside Haven
Walney Island
Location in Barrow-in-Furness Borough
Walney Island
Location in Morecambe Bay
Walney Island
Location in Cumbria
Geography
LocationBarrow-in-Furness Irish Sea
Coordinates54.103°N 3.252°W / 54.103; -3.252
Area5.01 sq mi (13.0 km2)
Length11 mi (18 km)
Width1 mi (2 km)
Administration
England
CountyCumbria
BoroughBarrow-in-Furness
Demographics
Population10,651
Pop. density2,595/sq mi (1001.9/km2)

Walney Island formed during the last glacial period, when the River Duddon was a large glacial lake, depositing till at its mouth, which became Walney. Some evidence of neolithic inhabitants has been found in the island's sand dunes, though its name is likely of Norse origin.[3] The island remained rural until the growth of Barrow-in-Furness' industries in the nineteenth century. In particular, the development between 1867 and 1881 of docks at Barrow Island, in Walney Channel opposite Walney, encouraged the growth of Walney as a settlement.

The planned worker town of Vickerstown was built on the island in 1898, resulting in a large population increase, and the construction of Jubilee Bridge connecting Walney to the mainland in 1908. Walney's contemporary population now forms about a fifth of the overall population of Barrow-in-Furness. The island contains two nature reserves, at either end, and its sandy beaches make it a popular leisure site.

Etymology

The name Walney is thought to come from Old Norse. Whilst the suffix 'ey' is a common feature of island names, the source of 'waln' is less clear.[3] The island is listed in the Domesday Book as Hougenai.[4] The manor of 'Hougun' - possibly modern day Millom - is listed in the book as owning the settlements of the whole of Furness, so that 'Hougenai' appears to mean "island of Hougun". The Old Norse word haugr means mound or hill.[5] However, other Norse etymologies have also been suggested for the source of the island's name.[3]

History

Excavations of sand dunes on Walney have revealed evidence of Late Neolithic/early Bronze Age settlements on the island, including a small amount of pottery.[6] Low Furness was most extensively inhabited by Norse settlers,[7] probably travelling from Ireland or the Isle of Man, which is reflected in many local place names, including Walney.[3] Through the Middle Ages, Walney and Furness were dominated by the monks of Furness Abbey, who constructed Biggar Dyke as flood defences on the east coast of Walney.[8] During this time, Walney was largely pastoral, and remained so into the early Industrial Revolution: in his 1810-book Guide to the Lakes, William Wordsworth describes seeing "Walney's early fields of corn" from the summit of Black Combe.[9]

However, Walney was soon caught up in the rapid expansion of industry at Barrow-in-Furness. Barrow docks were built on Barrow Island, in Walney Channel. The island acted as a natural shelter, which allowed the development of Barrow's large shipbuilding yards. In the 1870s, Biggar Bank became a popular seaside recreation site on Walney, and this was reinforced when a regular ferry, operated by the Furness Railway Company, was launched.[10] In 1897, in response to the high levels of immigration to Barrow from across the UK, Vickers proposed to build a new planned town on Walney Island. At the same time, other developers imagined developing Biggar into a larger seaside resort.[11] The first tenants moved into Vickerstown in 1900, and this saw the beginning of the integration of Walney as part of the town of Barrow.[11] Walney Bridge, a Bascule bridge was built in this decade, opening in 1908 and connecting the island to the mainland.

Vickers operated facilities constructing submarines and other shipping in Barrow in the early parts of World War I, and these or nearby installations may have been the targets of the German submarine U-21, which approached Walney Island in shallow water in the early afternoon of Friday 29 January 1915. The artillery battery at Fort Walney, manned by 7 Company, Lancashire and Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery, opened fire on the submarine at a range of around 7,000 yards (6,400 metres) after the submarine fired its deck gun at the airship station on the island. After a few minutes' exchange of fire, with no hits on either side, the submarine withdrew.[12]

Walney continued to grow through the twentieth century, with a number of suburban housing developments on the island.[3] The majority of growth occurred between the building of the 'Links' estate in 1936, and the completion of suburban housing at North Scale in 1976.[13] The recreational facilities at Biggar Bank were scaled back, but the island's beaches remain locally popular. Walney's population in the 2001 census was 11,388, representing 15% of the overall population of the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness and around 19% of the population of the town of Barrow-in-Furness.

Geography

Location and transport

Walney lies off the southwest coast of Cumbria in the Irish Sea. It is 11 miles (18 kilometres) long from north to south, but never more than 1 mi (2 km) wide from east to west,[14] with spits at either end. The channel separating it from the Great Britain mainland is also narrow, and named Walney Channel. The northern portion of the channel opens into the Duddon Estuary and is both narrower and shallower; at low tide, it is passable on foot, with stepping stones known locally as 'Widow's Crossing' assisting pedestrians.[15] The southern half of the channel is wider and is regularly dredged to allow shipping to access the Port of Barrow. This half opens into Morecambe Bay and includes a number of small islands, of which Barrow Island, Roa and Piel are inhabited. North of Earnsie Point are secluded beaches, backed by dunes, which tend to be used by naturists.

Jubilee Bridge, a bascule bridge, has connected Walney to the mainland since 1908.[16] The bridge forms part of the A590, which runs between Walney's western coast and the M6 Motorway. A second bridge over Walney Channel is sometimes mooted, in order to improve access and relieve traffic,[17] though there has never been any significant attempt to provide one. The nearest railway station to Walney is Barrow-in-Furness. No long distance bus services are provided, and all services from the island are provided by Stagecoach and terminate in Barrow.

Walney Island has a small airport (Barrow/Walney Island Airport), privately owned by BAE Systems. It opened in 1935 and was initially used for military purposes during World War II, before Barrow council purchased the airfield. It was purchased by Vickers in 1968 and has remained with the company's successors ever since. A few attempts at scheduled passenger services have occurred - Air Ecosse, Air Furness and Telair have all operated flights from the island - but none has lasted longer than two years.[18]

Settlements

The main settlement on Walney, Vickerstown, is effectively a continuation of Barrow-in-Furness, lying on the Barrow-facing east coast at the island's centre, clustered around the Jubilee Bridge. The first parts of Vickerstown were constructed in the 1890s as a workers' community for Vickers Shipyard,[11] but this area has since been expanded by suburban development. The only residential areas on the west coast are at Earnse Bay and Biggar Bank, both of which are extensions to the central Vickerstown settlement. Beyond Vickerstown, the island retains two older villages.[19] North Scale, lies near to and to the north of Vickerstown on Walney's east coast, and consists mainly of suburban homes.[20]

Biggar is the more isolated of the two villages, located around 2 miles (3 kilometres) to the south of Vickerstown. Biggar is situated on the east coast of the island and is a more agricultural community, with farms extending south of the village as far as the South Walney Nature Reserve. It is possibly the oldest settlement on Walney, with Furness Abbey records from 1292 mentioning a grange at Biggar,[21] and today is still a farming village.

Environment

Walney is low-lying, narrow and windswept - it is said by the North-West Evening Mail to be the windiest lowland site in England.[22] The island's northern and southern ends are both nature reserves, consisting of salt-marsh, shingle, sand dunes and brackish ponds.[23] South Walney, in particular, is home to a wide number of birds, many of which use the island as a stop whilst migrating. South Walney is also the home of the Walney Bird Observatory.

To the north, the island provides a habitat for natterjack toads, as well as the Walney geranium, found only on the island.[24] The island's west coast is characterised by wide sandy beaches, whilst its east coast is more built up, facing the narrow and muddy Walney Channel.

Barrow Offshore Wind Farm

Since 2005, the coast off Walney has become a centre for the construction of offshore wind farms. Four wind farms have been built and a fifth is planned.

Name Number of Turbines Capacity (MW) Construction Began Operation Began
Barrow Offshore Wind Farm [25] 30 90 2004 2006
Ormonde Wind Farm [26] 30 150 2010 2011
Walney Wind Farm 1 [27] 51 184 2010 2011
Walney Wind Farm 2 [27] 51 183.6 2011 2011 [28]
West of Duddon Sands Wind Farm [29] 108 389 2013 2014
Walney Extension Wind Farm [30][31] 108 660 2017 2018 [32]

Government, economy and education

Walney has two tiers of local government. At the most local level, the island is governed as part of the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness, being divided between two wards, Walney North and Walney South. Barrow-in-Furness also forms part of the larger county of Cumbria, for which Walney is again divided into two wards. In the May 2013 Cumbria County Council elections Walney North and Walney South wards both elected Labour Party councillors.[33] At the 2011 elections at the Borough level, six Labour Party councillors were elected from the island, three from each ward. At a national level, Walney forms part of the Barrow and Furness parliamentary constituency. The Member of Parliament is currently Simon Fell who won the seat at the 2019 General Election.

At the 2001 UK census, Walney North had an unemployment rate of 7.7%,[34] whilst it was 6.3% in Walney South [35] Walney was historically agricultural,[9] and a number of farms remain on the island, particularly on its southern half. Following the construction of Vickerstown, the defence manufacturer Vickers became the major employer on the island, reflecting wider trends in Barrow-in-Furness.[11] Vickers' successor, BAE Systems, remains a major employer in Barrow and on Walney today: the island has particularly high levels of workers in skilled trades.[34][35]

Walney has one secondary school, Walney School. It opened in 1952 [36] and currently teaches 681 pupils.[37] It has several primary schools but, students entering sixth form college or further education must go to schools on the mainland in Barrow.

Sport and culture

Football and rugby league are the most popular amateur sports in the Furness area. Walney Central amateur rugby league club currently play in the Cumbria Men’s Amateur Rugby League. The club was formed in 1936,[38] and have played on the island ever since. They reached the second round of the Challenge Cup in 1960, losing to Oldham [38] and they competed in the National Conference League between 1991 and 2007. In football, Vickerstown Football Club play in the West Lancashire Football League (WFL) Premier Division (level 11 of the English football league system),[39] while Walney Island Football Club, formed as Nautical FC in 1970,[40] compete in the WFL Division Two.

Walney has become an important location for kitesurfing and wind-surfing. It annually hosts one of the rounds of the British Kitesurfing Championship.[41][42] In particular the flat, wide beach at Earnse Bay is popular for this sport.[43] Windsurfing takes place around the island, particularly to its west coast and around the mouth of Walney Channel.[44]

In literature, Walney most notably appears, or rather disappears, in The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry, which was adapted into the television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends. The books and television series are all set on the fictional Island of Sodor, which is located in the position of Walney, though significantly larger. Its east coast resembles that of Walney, and the main town to the east of the island is 'Vicarstown', located at the same place as Vickerstown.[45]

In music, Walney appears in the song "Wa'ney Island Cockfight", which describes a cockfight between the lads of North Scale and Biggar on the island.[46] [47]The song has been recorded by Fiddler's Dram and Martin Wyndham-Reed.

See also

References
  1. "Walney Island". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  2. "Cumbria's Electoral Wards - Population Estimates - 2011 Census" (Microsoft Excel). Cumbria County Council. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  3. Walney Island History Walney Island.com 29-08-11
  4. Cumberland Doomesday Book
  5. Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology (The Vikings in England)
  6. THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD John Hodgson and Mark Brennand North West Region Archaeological Research Framework Prehistoric Resource Assessment Draf. November 2004. Accessed 17-09-11
  7. Vikings in Low Furness Steve Dickinson. August 2003. Accessed 17-09-11
  8. http://www.walney-island.com/carr_lane_01.htm>The English coast: a history and a prospect. Peter Murphy. 2009. Continuum Publishing. 1847251439
  9. Guide to the Lakes. William Wordsworth
  10. BIGGAR BANK - Walney Island Walney Island.com. Accessed 17-09-11
  11. The Evolution of a Naval Shipbuilding Firm in a Small Economy: Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness. Kieth Grime. 1987. in The Geography of Defence. Michael Bateman and Raymond Charles Riley (eds). Routledge. 0709939337
  12. Corkill, Adrian (2013). Hostile Sea. p. 11. ISBN 9780954011529.
  13. Timeline Walney Island.com. Accessed 14-10-11
  14. Introduction Walney Island.com Accessed 14-10-11
  15. "Bridge is walk highlight". Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  16. The Jubilee Bridge - the road to Walney BBC. 01-05-08. Accessed 14-10-11
  17. New hope for second bridge to Walney Island Evening Mail. 03-11-09. Accessed 14-10-11
  18. A history of Walney Airfield Cumbria Industries.
  19. Walney Voices BBC Cumbria. March 2005. Accessed 02-11-11
  20. North Scale Residents Association Accessed 02-11-11
  21. Barnes, F.; 1968; Barrow and District; Second Edition; Barrow-in-Furness Corporation;
  22. "On The Crest of a Wave Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine," Northwest Evening Mail (26/01/2007).
  23. Natural Walney. Walney-Island.com Accessed 02-11-11
  24. North and South Walney Nature Reserves Archived 2009-12-18 at the Wayback Machine BAE Systems. Accessed 02-11-11
  25. It's windy .... and it's officially open Barrow Offshore Wind. 25-09-06. Accessed 02-11-11
  26. Work on Ormonde Wind Farm off Barrow completed BBC News. 03-08-11. Accessed 02-11-11
  27. About the Project Walney Wind Farms. Accessed 02-11-11
  28. First Power from Walney 2 Offshore Wind Farm DONG Energy. 01-11-11. Accessed 02-11-11
  29. "West of Duddon Sands generates first electricity". Renewable Energy Magazine. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  30. "UK firm set to play important part in Walney Extension". North West Evening Mail. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  31. "Walney Extension" (PDF). DONG. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  32. World's largest offshore wind farm opens off Cumbria coastSky News, 6 September 2018. Accessed: 6 September 2018.
  33. Cumbria County Council. Accessed 23/05/2013
  34. Ward Labour Market Profile 16UCGB : Walney North NOMIS. Accessed 04-11-11
  35. Ward Labour Market Profile 16UCGC : Walney South NOMIS. Accessed 04-11-11
  36. Walney Island Comprehensive School. Walney-Island.com. Accessed 04-11-11
  37. Walney School Department for Education. Accessed 04-11-11
  38. 1st Team - Homepage Walney Central ARLFC. Accessed 04-11-11
  39. "Vickerstown CCFC". Archived from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  40. History Walney Island Football Club. Accessed 04-11-11
  41. BKSA championship round 2 for Walney Island Northwestkitesurfing.co.uk
  42. Barrow- Very Windy Walney BSKS.
  43. Isle of Walney Sports & Outdoors VirtualTourist. Accessed 07-11-11
  44. Sporting venues, clubs and activities in Barrow and Furness Archived 2007-08-28 at the Wayback Machine Barrow Borough Council. Accessed 07-11-11
  45. Where is Sodor, home of Thomas the Tank Engine? BBC News. 04-07-11. Accessed 07-11-11
  46. Allan, Sue (2017). "FOLK SONG IN CUMBRIA: A DISTINCTIVE REGIONAL REPERTOIRE?" (PDF).
  47. Wyndham-Reed, Martin. English Sporting Ballads, Broadside BRO128.
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