Cumbria

Cumbria (/ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county; the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county.

Not to be confused with Cumbia, Umbria, Cambria, Cambrian, or Cumberland.

Cumbria
Ceremonial county
Motto(s): 
"Ad Montes Oculos Levavi" ("I have lifted up mine eyes unto the hills")
Coordinates: 54°30′N 3°15′W
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionNorth West
Established1 April 1974
Established byLocal Government Act 1972
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time)
Members of ParliamentList of MPs
PoliceCumbria Constabulary
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantClaire Hensman
High SheriffJulie Barton [1](2020–21)
Area6,768 km2 (2,613 sq mi)
 • Ranked3rd of 48
Population (mid-2019 est.)498,888
 • Ranked41st of 48
Density74/km2 (190/sq mi)
Ethnicity97.5% White British
0.1% White Irish
0.1% White Gypsy or Irish Traveller
1.1% Other White
0.1% White & Black Caribbean
0.1% White & Black African
0.2% White & Asian
0.1% Other Mixed
0.2% Indian
0.1% Pakistani
0.1% Bangladeshi
0.2% Chinese
0.2% Other Asian
0.1% Black African
0.1% Other
Non-metropolitan county
County councilCumbria County Council
ExecutiveLabour/Liberal Democrats
Admin HQCarlisle
Area6,768 km2 (2,613 sq mi)
 • Ranked2nd of 26
Population500,012
 • Ranked25th of 26
Density74/km2 (190/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2GB-CMA
ONS code16
GSS codeE10000006
NUTSUKD11, UKD12
Websitewww.cumbria.gov.uk
Districts

Districts of Cumbria
Districts
  1. City of Carlisle
  2. Allerdale
  3. Eden
  4. Copeland
  5. South Lakeland
  6. Barrow-in-Furness

The county of Cumbria consists of six districts (Allerdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden and South Lakeland) and, in 2019, had a population of just over 500,000 people. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in England, with 73.4 people per km2 (190/sq mi).

Cumbria is the third largest county in England by area. It is bounded to the north-east by Northumberland, the east by County Durham, the south-east by North Yorkshire, the south by Lancashire, the west by the Irish Sea, the north-west by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway, and the north by Scottish Borders.

Cumbria is predominantly rural and contains the Lake District National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered one of England's finest areas of natural beauty, serving as inspiration for artists, writers, and musicians. A large area of the south-east of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB. Much of Cumbria is mountainous and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level, with the top of Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet (978 m) being the highest point in England. An upland, coastal and rural area, Cumbria's history is characterised by invasions, migration and settlement, as well as battles and skirmishes between the English and the Scots. Notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle, Furness Abbey, Hardknott Roman Fort, Brough Castle and Hadrian's Wall (also a World Heritage Site).

History
Main article: History of Cumbria
The Castlerigg stone circle dates from the late Neolithic age and was constructed by some of the earliest inhabitants of Cumbria

The county of Cumbria was created in April 1974 through an amalgamation of the administrative counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, to which parts of Lancashire (the area known as Lancashire North of the Sands) and the West Riding of Yorkshire were added.[2]

During the Neolithic period the area contained an important centre of stone axe production (the so-called 'Langdale Axe Factory'), products of which have been found across Great Britain.[3] During this period stone circles and henges were built across the county and today 'Cumbria has one of the largest number of preserved field monuments in England'.[4]

While not part of the region conquered in the Romans' initial conquest of Britain in AD 43, most of modern-day Cumbria was later conquered in response to a revolt deposing the Roman-aligned ruler of the Brigantes in AD 69.[5] The Romans built a number of fortifications in the area during their occupation, the most famous being UNESCO World Heritage Site Hadrian's Wall which passes through northern Cumbria.[6]

At the end of the period of British history known as Roman Britain (c. AD 410) the inhabitants of Cumbria were Cumbric-speaking native Romano-Britons who were probably descendants of the Brigantes and Carvetii (sometimes considered to be a sub-tribe of the Brigantes) that the Roman Empire had conquered in about AD 85. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitas of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria. The names Cumbria, Cymru (the native Welsh name for Wales), Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant "compatriots".[7][8]

Although Cumbria was previously believed to have formed the core of the Early Middle Ages Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, more recent discoveries near Galloway appear to contradict this.[9] For the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Celtic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and thus was excluded from the Domesday Book survey of 1086. In 1092 the region was invaded by William II and incorporated into England.[10] Nevertheless, the region was dominated by the many Anglo-Scottish Wars of the latter Middle Ages and early modern period and the associated Border Reivers who exploited the dynamic political situation of the region.[11] There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two further sieges during the Jacobite risings.

After the Jacobite Risings of the eighteenth century, Cumbria became a more stable place and, as in the rest of Northern England, the Industrial Revolution caused a large growth in urban populations. In particular, the west-coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, with Barrow also developing a significant shipbuilding industry.[12] Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. The early nineteenth century saw the county gain fame as the Lake Poets and other artists of the Romantic movement, such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, lived among, and were inspired by, the lakes and mountains of the region. Later, the children's writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner, granting much of her property to the National Trust on her death.[13] In turn, the large amount of land owned by the National Trust assisted in the formation of the Lake District National Park in 1951, which remains the largest National Park in England and has come to dominate the identity and economy of the county.

The Windscale fire of 10 October 1957 was the worst nuclear accident in Great Britain's history.[14] The county of Cumbria was created in 1974 from the traditional counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, the Cumberland County Borough of Carlisle, along with the North Lonsdale or Furness part of Lancashire, usually referred to as "Lancashire North of the Sands", (including the county borough of Barrow-in-Furness) and, from the West Riding of Yorkshire, the Sedbergh Rural District.[2] It is governed by Cumbria County Council.

Local papers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic county. Other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as "Cumbria", as do the Lake District National Park Authority.

Geography
Topographic map of Cumbria

Cumbria is the most northwesterly county of England. The northernmost and southernmost points in Cumbria are just west of Deadwater, Northumberland and South Walney respectively. Kirkby Stephen (close to Tan Hill, North Yorkshire) and St Bees Head are the most easterly and westerly points of the county. Most of Cumbria is mountainous, with the majority of the county being situated in the Lake District while the Pennines, consisting of the Yorkshire Dales and the North Pennines, lie at the eastern and south-east areas of the county. At 978 metres (3,209 ft) Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England.

The Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into South Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945. The Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONB's lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively.

Boundaries and divisions

Cumbria is bordered by the English counties of Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders.

The boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east. Cumbria's northern boundary stretches from the Solway Firth from the Solway Plain eastward along the border with Scotland to Northumberland.

It is made up of six districts: Allerdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden and South Lakeland. For many administrative purposes Cumbria is divided into three areas — East, West and South. East consists of the districts of Carlisle and Eden, West consists of Allerdale and Copeland, and South consists of Lakeland and Barrow.

In January 2007, Cumbria County Council voted in favour of an official bid to scrap the current two-tier system of county and district councils in favour of a new unitary Cumbria Council, to be submitted for consideration to the Department for Communities and Local Government.[15] This was then rejected.

The county returns six Members of Parliament to the House of Commons, representing the constituencies of Carlisle, Penrith & The Border, Workington, Copeland, Westmorland and Lonsdale and Barrow & Furness.

Economy
BAE Systems Submarine Solutions in Barrow-in-Furness has a workforce of around 5,000 people.

Many large companies and organisations are based in Cumbria. The county council itself employs around 17,000 individuals, while the largest private employer in Cumbria, the Sellafield nuclear processing site, has a workforce of 10,000.[16] Below is a list of some of the county's largest companies and employers (excluding services such as Cumbria Constabulary, Cumbria Fire and Rescue and the NHS in Cumbria), categorised by district:

Allerdale

Barrow-in-Furness

Carlisle

Copeland
  • Sellafield is the largest private employer in the county; many West Cumbrians have links to the site.[28]

Eden

South Lakeland

Tourism
The entrance to Whinlatter Forest Park
Sizergh Castle
Muncaster Castle

The largest and most widespread industry in Cumbria is tourism. The Lake District National Park alone receives some 15.8 million visitors every year.[33] Despite this, fewer than 50,000 people reside permanently within the Lake District – mostly in Ambleside, Bowness-on-Windermere, Coniston, Keswick, Grasmere and Windermere.[33] Over 36,000 Cumbrians are employed in the tourism industry which adds £1.1 billion a year to the county's economy. The Lake District and county as a whole attracts visitors from across the UK,[33] Europe, North America and the Far East (particularly Japan).[33] The tables below show the twenty most-visited attractions in Cumbria in 2009 (please note that not all visitor attractions provided data to Cumbria Tourism who collated the list. Notable examples are Furness Abbey, the Lakes Aquarium and South Lakes Safari Zoo, the latter of which would almost certainly rank within the top five).[34]

RankAttractionLocationVisitors
1Windermere Lake CruisesBowness-on-Windermere1,313,807
2RhegedPenrith439,568
3Ullswater SteamersGlenridding348,000
4Whinlatter Forest Park and Visitor CentreWhinlatter252,762
5Tullie House Museum and Art GalleryCarlisle251,808
6Grizedale Forest Park and Visitor CentreGrizedale175,033
7Carlisle CathedralCarlisle166,141
8Brockhole Lake District Visitor CentreWindermere135,539
9Hill TopHawkshead103,682
10Sizergh CastleSizergh Castle90,063
RankAttractionLocationVisitors
11Cumberland Pencil MuseumKeswick80,100
12Muncaster CastleRavenglass78,474
13Dock MuseumBarrow-in-Furness73,239
14The BeaconWhitehaven71,602
15Holker HallCartmel58,060
16Carlisle CastleCarlisle56,957
17Beatrix Potter GalleryHawkshead47,244
18Lake District Wildlife Park[35]Bassenthwaite45,559
19The Homes of FootballAmbleside49,661
20Cartmel PrioryCartmel43,672

Economic output

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added (GVA) of East Cumbria at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

YearRegional Gross Value Added[36]Agriculture[37]Industry[38]Services[39]
19952,6791489021,629
20002,8431208091,914
20033,3881299242,335

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of West Cumbria at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

YearRegional Gross Value Added[36]Agriculture[37]Industry[38]Services[39]
19952,246631,294888
20002,415531,2121,150
20032,870601,4201,390

Politics
Main article: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Cumbria

As of the 2019 general election, the Labour Party have zero MPs from Cumbria for the first time since 1910.

Constituency 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019
Barrow and Furness  CON  Cecil Franks  LAB  John Hutton  LAB  John Woodcock  CON  Simon Fell
Carlisle  LAB  Ronald Lewis  LAB  Eric Martlew  CON  John Stevenson
Copeland  LAB  Jack Cunningham  LAB  Jamie Reed  CON  Trudy Harrison
Penrith and The Border  CON  David Maclean  CON  Rory Stewart  CON  Neil Hudson
Westmorland and Lonsdale  CON  Michael Jopling  CON  Tim Collins  LD  Tim Farron
Workington  LAB  Dale Campbell-Savours  LAB  Tony Cunningham  LAB  Sue Hayman  CON  Mark Jenkinson
2019 General Election Results in Cumbria
Party Votes % Change from 2017 Seats Change from 2017
Conservative 143,615 52.4% 3.6% 5 2
Labour 79,402 28.9% 7.3% 0 2
Liberal Democrats 39,426 14.4% 2.6% 1 0
Greens 4,223 1.5% 0.8% 0 0
Brexit 3,867 1.4% new 0 0
Others 3,044 1.1% 0.7% 0 0
Total 274,313 100.0 6

Education
The University of Cumbria's Fusehill Campus in Carlisle
See also: List of schools in Cumbria

Although Cumbria has a comprehensive system almost in toto, it has one state grammar school in Penrith. There are 42 state secondary schools and 10 independent schools. The more rural secondary schools tend to have sixth forms (although in Barrow-in-Furness district, no schools have sixth forms) and this is the same for three schools in Allerdale and South Lakeland, and one in the other districts. Chetwynde is also the only school in Barrow to educate children from nursery all the way to sixth form level.

Colleges of further education in Cumbria include:-

The University of Cumbria is one of the UK's newest universities having been established in 2007, it is at present the only university in Cumbria and has campuses across the county, together with Lancaster and London.

Transport
The M6 motorway and West Coast Main Line near Grayrigg Forest

Road

The M6 is the only motorway that runs through Cumbria. Kendal and Penrith are amongst its primary destinations, before it becomes the A74(M) just north of Carlisle. Major A roads within Cumbria include:

  • A6 (Luton, Bedfordshire to Carlisle via Kendal and Penrith)
  • A66 (Workington to Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire via Keswick, Penrith and Brough)
  • A69 (Carlisle to Newcastle upon Tyne via Brampton and Hexham)
  • A590 (M6 Junction 36 to Barrow-in-Furness via Ulverston)
  • A591 (Sizergh to Bothel via Kendal, Windermere, Ambleside, Grasmere and Keswick)
  • A592 (M6 Junction 40 to Newby Bridge via Penrith, Windermere and Bowness-on-Windermere)
  • A595 (Carlisle to Dalton-in-Furness via Whitehaven and Workington)
  • A596 (Carlisle to Workington)

Bus

Several bus companies run services in Cumbria serving the main towns and villages in the county, with some services running to neighbouring areas such as Lancaster. Stagecoach North West is the largest; it has depots in Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Kendal and Workington. Stagecoach's flagship X6 route connects Barrow-in-Furness and Kendal in south Cumbria.

Air

There are only two airports in the county: Carlisle Lake District and Barrow/Walney Island. Both airports formerly served scheduled passenger flights and both are proposing expansions and renovations to handle domestic and European flights in the near future. The nearest international airports to south Cumbria are Blackpool, Manchester and Liverpool John Lennon. North Cumbria is closer to Newcastle, Glasgow Prestwick and Glasgow International. Barrow-in-Furness is one of the country's largest shipbuilding centres, but the Port of Barrow is only minor, operated by Associated British Ports alongside the Port of Silloth in Allerdale. There are no ferry links from any port or harbour along the Cumbria coast.

Railway

The busiest railway stations in Cumbria are Carlisle, Barrow-in-Furness, Penrith and Oxenholme Lake District. The West Coast Main Line runs for 399 miles (642 km) through the Cumbria countryside, adjacent to the M6 motorway. The Cumbrian Coast Line connects Barrow-in-Furness to Carlisle and is a vital link in the west of the county. Other railways in Cumbria are the Windermere Branch Line, most of the Furness Line and much of the Settle-Carlisle Railway.

Demography
The largest settlements in Cumbria
Main article: Demography of Cumbria

Cumbria's largest settlement and only city is Carlisle, in the north of the county. The largest town, Barrow-in-Furness, in the south, is slightly smaller. The county's population is largely rural: it has the second-lowest population density among English counties, and has only five towns with a population of over 20,000. Cumbria is also one of the country's most ethnically homogeneous counties, with 95.1% of the population categorised as White British (around 470,900 of the 495,000 Cumbrians).[40] However, the larger towns have ethnic makeups that are closer to the national average. The 2001 census indicated that Christianity was the religion with the most adherents in the county.

2010 ONS estimates placed the number of foreign-born (non-United Kingdom) people living in Cumbria at around 14,000 and foreign nationals at 6,000.[41] The 2001 UK Census showed the following most common countries of birth for Cumbrians that year:

  •  England – 454,137
  •  Scotland – 16,628
  •  Wales – 3,471
  •  Northern Ireland – 2,289
  •  Germany – 1,438
  •  Republic of Ireland – 1,359
  •  South Africa – 603
  •  Canada – 581
  •  Australia – 531
  •  United States – 493
  •  India – 476
  •  Hong Kong – 417
  •  Italy – 249
  •  New Zealand – 241
  •  France – 197
  •  Poland – 193
  •  Cyprus – 174
  •  Netherlands – 167
  •  Spain – 166
  •  Singapore – 160
Population totals for Cumbria
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801 173,017—    
1811 193,139+1.11%
1821 225,555+1.56%
1831 242,320+0.72%
1841 255,603+0.54%
1851 274,957+0.73%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1861 320,257+1.54%
1871 365,556+1.33%
1881 410,856+1.18%
1891 434,867+0.57%
1901 437,364+0.06%
1911 440,485+0.07%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1921 441,483+0.02%
1931 442,693+0.03%
1941 456,833+0.31%
1951 471,897+0.32%
1961 473,706+0.04%
1971 475,669+0.04%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1981 471,693−0.08%
1991 489,191+0.36%
2001 487,607−0.03%
2011 499,900+0.25%
2014 499,800−0.01%
Pre-1974 statistics were gathered from local government areas that are now comprised by Cumbria
Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.[42][43]

Settlements
Main article: List of places in Cumbria

The table below has divided the settlements into their local authority district. Each district has a centre of administration; for some of these correlate with a district's largest town, while others are named after the geographical area.

Administration borough/district Centre of administration Other towns, villages and settlements

Allerdale
 Workington Aspatria
Cockermouth
Harrington
Keswick
Maryport
Silloth
Wigton

Barrow-in-Furness
 Barrow-in-Furness Askam and Ireleth
Dalton-in-Furness
Walney Island

Carlisle
 Carlisle Brampton
Dalston
Longtown

Copeland
 Whitehaven Arlecdon and Frizington
Cleator Moor
Egremont
Millom
St Bees

Eden
 Penrith Alston
Appleby-in-Westmorland
Kirkby Stephen
Shap
Kirkoswald

South Lakeland
 Kendal Ambleside
Bowness-on-Windermere
Coniston
Grasmere
Hawkshead
Kirkby Lonsdale
Milnthorpe
Sedbergh
Ulverston
Windermere

Town and city twinnings
SettlementDistrictTwinned settlement
CarlisleCarlisle Flensburg, Germany
Słupsk, Poland
CockermouthAllerdale Marvejols, France
Dalton-in-FurnessBarrow-in-Furness Dalton, Pennsylvania, United States
KendalSouth Lakeland Killarney, Ireland
Rinteln, Germany
PenrithEden Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
SedberghSouth Lakeland Zreče, Slovenia
UlverstonSouth Lakeland Albert, France
WhitehavenCopeland Kozloduy, Bulgaria[44]
WindermereSouth Lakeland Diessen am Ammersee, Germany
WorkingtonAllerdale Selm, Germany
Val-de-Reuil, France

Symbols and county emblems

The arms of Cumbria County Council were granted by the College of Arms on 10 October 1974. The arms represent the areas from which the new county council's area was put together; the shield's green border has Parnassus flowers representing Cumberland interspersed with roses; red for Lancashire (the Furness district) on white for Yorkshire (Sedbergh is from the West Riding). The crest is a ram's head crest, found in the arms both of Westmorland County Council and Barrow County Borough, with Cumberland's Parnassus flowers again. The supporters are the legendary Dacre Bull (Cumberland) and a red dragon, redolent of Cumbria's Brittonic origin.(Appleby in Westmorland). They stand on a base compartment representing Hadrian's Wall (in Cumberland), crossed with two red bars (from the Westmorland arms).[45]

The county council motto "Ad Montes Oculos Levavi" is Latin, from Psalm 121; ("I shall lift up mine eyes unto the hills").[45]

The county flag of Cumbria is a banner of arms of Cumbria County Council.[46][47]

Sport
Brunton Park, the home of Carlisle United
Craven Park, home of Barrow Raiders

Running

Fell running is a popular sport in Cumbria, with an active calendar of competitions taking place throughout the year.

Football

Barrow AFC and Carlisle United are the only professional football teams in Cumbria and both currently play in EFL League Two. Carlisle United attract support from across Cumbria and beyond, with many Cumbrian "ex-pats" travelling to see their games, both home and away.

Workington A.F.C.—who are always known locally as "the reds"—are a well-supported non-league team, having been relegated from the Football League in the 1970s. Workington A.F.C. made a rapid rise up the non league ladder and in 2007/08 competed with Barrow in the Conference North. Barrow were then promoted to the Conference Premier in 2007/08. In 2020, Barrow were promoted to the Football League as a result of winning the National League.

Rugby league

Rugby league is a very popular sport in South and West Cumbria. Barrow, Whitehaven and Workington play in the Rugby League Championships.

Amateur teams; Wath Brow Hornets, Askam, Egremont Rangers, Kells, Barrow Island, Hensingham and Millom play in the National Conference.

Rugby union

Rugby union is popular in the east of the county with teams such as Furness RUFC & Hawcoat Park RUFC (South Cumbria), Workington RUFC (Workington Zebras), Whitehaven RUFC, Carlisle RUFC, Aspatria RUFC, Wigton RUFC, Kendal RUFC, Kirkby Lonsdale RUFC, Keswick RUFC, Cockermouth RUFC, Upper Eden RUFC and Penrith RUFC.

Cricket

Cumberland County Cricket Club is one of the cricket clubs that constitute the Minor Counties in the English domestic cricket structure. The club, based in Carlisle, competes in the Minor Counties Championship and the MCCA Knockout Trophy. The club also play some home matches in Workington, as well as other locations.

Cumbrian club cricket teams play in the North Lancashire and Cumbria League.

Speedway

Workington Comets were a Workington-based professional speedway team,[48] which competed in the British Speedway Championship.[49]

Uppies and Downies
Main article: Uppies and Downies

Workington is home to the ball game known as Uppies and Downies,[50] a traditional version of football, with its origins in Medieval football or an even earlier form.[51] Players from outside Workington do take part, especially fellow West Cumbrians from Whitehaven and Maryport.[52]

Wrestling
Main article: Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling

Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling is an ancient and well-practised tradition in the county with a strong resemblance to Scottish Backhold.

In the 21st century Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling along with other aspects of Lakeland culture are practised at the Grasmere Sports and Show, an annual meeting held every year since 1852 on the August Bank Holiday.

The origin of this form of wrestling is a matter of debate, with some describing it as having evolved from Norse wrestling brought over by Viking invaders,[53] while other historians associate it with the Cornish and Gouren styles[54] indicating that it may have developed out of a longer-standing Celtic tradition.[55]

American football

Cumbria is home to the Walney Terriers and the Carlisle Border Reivers, which are rival amateur American football teams, despite a relatively low level of interest in the sport throughout the county.

Karting

Cumbria Kart Racing Club is based at the Lakeland Circuit, Rowrah, between Cockermouth and Egremont . The track is currently a venue for rounds of both major UK national karting championships . Formula One world champions Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button both raced karts at Rowrah many times in the formative stages of their motor sport careers,[56] while other F1 drivers, past and present, to have competed there include Johnny Herbert, Anthony Davidson, Allan McNish, Ralph Firman, Paul di Resta and David Coulthard, who hailed from just over the nearby Anglo-Scottish border and regarded Rowrah as his home circuit, becoming Cumbria Kart Racing Club Champion in 1985 in succession to McNish (di Resta also taking the CKRC title subsequently).[57]

Dialect influences

Celtic
  • Cumbria – Celtic speaking until Viking invasion, if not later (Cymry)[58]
  • little English spoken in Cumbria, relatively sparsely populated until 12th/13th century[59]
  • Successful routing of indigenous Celtic peoples to Western highlands of Cumbria, Wales and Cornwall by the invading Angles and Saxons, with little linguistic consequence, apart from scattering of residual place-names
  • Northwest – possibility of direct influence from Irish Gaelic across Irish Sea via Whitehaven until 10th century[60]
  • Celtic influence/kingdoms may have confirmed perception of difference between the north–south[58]
  • linguistic interaction between Celts and English underrated, effectively Celtic influence marked the beginnings of a linguistic divide between English and other West-Germanic dialects[61]
  • Lexis - Celtic influence left specifically on the sound pattern of sheep-scoring numerals of Cumbrian and West Yorkshire [58]
  • Loss of inflections may be explained by contact with Celtic tribes and inter-marriage [58]

Anglo-Saxon/Viking
  • Earliest Anglo-Saxon settlements in the east of England. Took over 200 years to establish a frontier in the west where the displaced British had settled[62]
  • Morphology – Old Northumbrian (little evidence) signs of loss of inflexions long before southern dialects below the Humber, precede Viking settlements and dialect contact situation[58]

Scandinavian/Norse/Dane
  • Lack of extent of Old English written evidence[58]
  • Main attacks/raids on the North-East coast at Lindisfarne and Jarrow in 793/ 794[58]
  • Settlement patterns (Danes) contributed to emerging differences over time between Northumberland. Durham and Yorkshire dialects [58]
  • Norwegian settlers via Ireland to Isle of Man, Mersey estuary (901) and the Cumbrian/ Lancashire coasts (900-50) – dialectal differences (Danes/ Norwegians) often lumped together in standard histories – MUST have confirmed emerging dialectal differences east and west of the Pennines[58]
  • Danelaw – land of north and east of land ruled under Danish law and Danish customs (978-1016) [58]
  • Scandinavian influences vocabulary – common words gradually diffused/ entered word stock (borrowings) which survive in regional use – ‘fell’ hillside, ‘lug’ ear, ‘loup’ jump, ‘aye’ yes
  • Influence on grammatical structure - Middle English texts reveal that present participle form ‘-and’, and possible that use of ‘at’ and ‘as’ as relative pronouns from Cumbria to East Yorkshire[58]
  • phonetically /g/, /k/ and cluster /sk/ have a northern/ Norse pronunciation /j/, /ʧ/ and /ʃ/ which are West Saxon – hard vs. soft consonants of north–south dialects – e.g. ‘give/ rigg’ ridge, ‘skrike’ shriek, ‘kist’ chest and ‘ik’[58]
  • ‘interdialect forms’ in Danelaw area (diffuse > focussed situation) - no clear idea about what language they were speaking – mixture of Old English and Norse e.g. ‘she’ (3rd person pronoun) is claimed by both languages[58][63]
  • ‘bilingualism was norm in areas under Danelaw (plausible)[58]
  • Norse runic inscriptions survive from 11th century in Cumbria – therefore may only been after Norman Conquest that ‘Norse as a living language died out’[64]
  • Norse surviving longest in closed communities, as in the Lake District[65]

Normans
  • Jewell (1994: 20) - Northumbria retained relative independence until 13th century – effective government of North by Normans ‘petered-out’ at Lake District and North of Tees (not recorded in Domesday Book)[66]
  • Carlisle retaken by Scots in 1136[58]

Cumbric
  • Early 10th century - all of the northwest of England occupied by a mixture of newcomers from Ireland of mixed Vikings and Gaelic. The grip from Northumbrian on the former territory of Rheged was that of Britons of Strathcylde reoccupied southwest Scotland and northwest England as far south as Derwent and Penrith[67] which was held until Carlisle retaken by Scots in 1136[58]
  • Cumbric perhaps survived but faded into the early 12th century throughout Cumbria[68]
  • Cumbric score – counting sheep – Welsh correspondence Welsh (un, dau, tri) – Cumberland (yan, tyan, tethera) – Westmorland (yan, than, teddera) – Lancashire (yan, taen, tedderte) – West Yorkshire (yain, tain, eddero) [67] – survived 7-8 centuries after the language itself had died – Brittonic origin
  • Not one single complete phrase in Cumbric survives, evidence to suggest strong literary tradition, probably oral, some of this early material is known in a Welsh version[67]

Media

Two evening newspapers are published daily in Cumbria. The News and Star focuses largely on Carlisle and the surrounding areas of north and west Cumbria, and the North-West Evening Mail is based in Barrow-in-Furness and covers news from across Furness and the South Lakes. The Cumberland and Westmorland Herald and The Westmorland Gazette are weekly newspapers based in Penrith and Kendal respectively. The Egremont 2Day newspaper, formerly Egremont Today when affiliated with the Labour Party, was a prominent monthly publication - founded by Peter Watson (and edited by him until his death in 2014) in 1990 until July 2018. In February 2020 The Herdwick News, run by the last editor of The Egremont 2Day, was launched and is an independent online news publication covering the county of Cumbria and the North West.

Due to the size of Cumbria the county spans two television zones: BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees & Border in the north and BBC North West and ITV Granada in the south. Heart North West, CFM Radio and Smooth Lake District are the most popular local radio stations throughout the county, with BBC Radio Cumbria being the only station that is aimed at Cumbria as a whole.

The Australian-New Zealand feature film The Navigator: A Medieval Odyssey (1988) is set in Cumbria during the onset of the Black Death in 14th-century Europe.

Cumbria is host to a number of festivals, including Kendal Calling (actually held in Penrith since 2009)[69][70] and Kendal Mountain Festival.

Places of interest
Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Accessible open space
Amusement/Theme Park
Castle
Country Park
English Heritage
Forestry Commission
Heritage railway
Historic House
Mosques

Museum (free/not free)
National Trust
Theatre
Zoo
Furness Abbey
Lake Windermere
Thirlmere

Notable people
See also: List of people from Carlisle, List of people from Barrow-in-Furness, List of people from Kendal, List of people from Cumbria

See also

References
  1. "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
  2. "Local Government Act 1972". www.legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  3. Castleden, Rodney (1992). Neolithic Britain: New Stone Age Sites of England, Scotland, and Wales. Routledge. ISBN 9780415058452. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  4. Barrowclough (2010), p. 105.
  5. Shotter (2014), p.5
  6. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Frontiers of the Roman Empire". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  7. "Cymric". Online Etymological Dictionary. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  8. Davies, John (2007) [1990]. A History of Wales. Penguin Books. pp. 68–69.
  9. Ronan, Toolis (31 January 2017). The lost Dark Age kingdom of Rheged : the discovery of a royal stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway. Bowles, Christopher R. Oxford. ISBN 9781785703126. OCLC 967457029.
  10. 1954-, Sharpe, Richard (2006). Norman rule in Cumbria, 1092-1136. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. ISBN 978-1873124437. OCLC 122952827.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. Tuck, J.A. (January 1986). "The Emergence of a Northern Nobility, 1250–1400". Northern History. 22 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1179/007817286790616516. ISSN 0078-172X.
  12. Gill, Jepson (15 November 2017). Barrow-in-Furness at work : people and industries through the years. Stroud. ISBN 9781445670041. OCLC 1019605931.
  13. Sarah, Gristwood (9 June 2016). The story of Beatrix Potter. London. ISBN 9781909881808. OCLC 951610299.
  14. Richard Black (18 March 2011). "Fukushima - disaster or distraction?". BBC.
  15. "County council votes to pursue a single council for Cumbria". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
  16. "Cumbrian employers supporting staff after multiple shooting". Personneltoday. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  17. "Associated British Ports Silloth".
  18. "BAE Systems Barrow". BAE Systems. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  19. "Port of Barrow". Associated British Ports Holdings. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  20. "Kimberly-Clark Barrow". Kimberly-Clark. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  21. "James Fisher & Sons Barrow". James Fisher & Sons. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  22. "Stollers Barrow". Stollers. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  23. "Pirelli Carlisle". Pirelli. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  24. "Carr's Carlisle". Carr's. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  25. "Stobart Carlisle". Stobart. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  26. "Nestlé Carlisle". ukbusinesspark. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  27. "First minister 'disappointed' by EWM move". BBC News. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  28. "Sellafield". Sellafield. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  29. "Center Parcs". Center Parcs. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  30. "GlaxoSmithKline Ulverston". GlaxoSmithKline. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  31. "Lakeland Windermere". Lakeland. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  32. "Heinz Kendal". Applegate. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  33. "Lake District National Park". Lake District National Park. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  34. "Lake District National Park". Cumbria Tourism. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  35. "About Us - Lake District Wildlife Park". Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  36. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
  37. includes hunting and forestry
  38. includes energy and construction
  39. includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
  40. "Current Estimates – Population Estimates by Ethnic Group Mid-2009 (experimental)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  41. "Table 1.3: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth, April 2009 to March 2010". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  42. A Vision of Britain through time, Cumbria Modern (post 1974) County: Total Population, archived from the original on 6 September 2011, retrieved 10 January 2010
  43. "Ballet star shows off charity portraits". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  44. Jovchev, Stanimir. "Побратимени градове". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  45. Cumbria County Council Archived 8 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (Civic Heraldry) accessed 24 January 2010
  46. "Cumbria floods remembered at Department for Communities and Local Government - GOV.UK". Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  47. "Cumbria flag flying outside Eland House". Department for Communities and Local Government. 2010. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  48. "Workington Speedway". Workington Comets. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  49. "British Speedway's Premier League". British Speedway. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  50. "Uppies and Downies website". Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  51. Henricks, Thomas S. (1991). Origins of Mass ball Games. ISBN 9780313274534. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  52. "Times and Star". Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  53. "Kronos; A Chronology of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
  54. "Amateur Wrestling". Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
  55. "Kronos; A Chronology of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
  58. Wales, Katie (2006). Northern English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62.
  59. Strang, Barbara M, H (1970). A History of English. London: Methuen. p. 256.
  60. Elmes, Simon (1999). The Routes of English. London: BBC. p. 27.
  61. Tristram, Hildegard (2000). "Introduction: languages in contact; layer cake model or otherwise?". The Celtic Languages. 2: 1–8.
  62. Leith, Dick (1983). A Social History of English. London: Routledge. p. 106.
  63. Trudgill, Peter (1974). "Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography". Language in Society. 3 (2): 215–2246. doi:10.1017/s0047404500004358.
  64. Werner, Otmar (1991). "The incorporation of Old Norse pronouns in Middle English: suppletion by loan". Language Contact in the British Isles: 369–401.
  65. Gordon, E, V (1923). "Scandinavian Influence in Yorkshire Dialects". Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. 4: 5–22.
  66. Jewell, Helen (1994). The North-South Divide: The Origins of Northern Consciousness in England. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 20.
  67. Price, G (2000). Languages in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 125.
  68. Jackson, Peter (1989). Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 72.
  69. "Travel - Kendal Calling". Kendal Calling. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  70. "Kendal Calling 2009 - have your say". The Westmorland Gazette. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  • Media related to Cumbria at Wikimedia Commons
  • Cumbria travel guide from Wikivoyage
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.