Werner Hoffmann (nightfighter pilot)

Werner Hoffmann (13 January 1918 – 8 July 2011) was a German Luftwaffe night fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. Hoffmann was credited 51 aerial victories, 50 of them at night, claimed in 192 combat missions.[Note 1]

Werner Hoffmann
Born(1918-01-13)13 January 1918
Stettin
Died8 July 2011(2011-07-08) (aged 93)
Bremen
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1936–45
RankMajor
UnitZG 2
NJG 3
NJG 1
NJG 5
Commands heldI./Nachtjagdgeschwader 5
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Early life and career

Hoffmann was born on 13 January 1918 in Stettin, present-day Szczecin in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland, at the time in the Province of Pomerania of the German Empire. He was the only child of Walter, a ship building engineer, and Gertrud Hoffmann.[1] In 1924, Hoffmann began his schooling at the Volksschule, a primary school, in Stettin. A year later, the family moved to Berlin, settling in Wilmersdorf. There, in 1928, he attended a Gymnasium, a secondary school.[2]

Hoffmann began flying gliders in 1932 and joined the Luftwaffe in December 1936, learning to fly with the Luftkriegsschule 3 (LKS 3—3rd air war school), Wildpark-West near Werder. He was awarded his pilot's badge in June 1938 and was then posted to 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 234 (JG 234—234th Fighter Wing), a squadron of III. Gruppe. III. Gruppe of JG 234 was eventually redesignated I. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 52 (ZG 2—52nd Destroyer Wing) in May 1939 and was equipped with the new Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter.

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Hoffmann was assigned to 4. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 2 (ZG 2—2nd Destroyer Wing) in early 1940 and participated in the Battle of France. He claimed his aerial first aerial victory, a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter over Dunkirk, on 24 May 1940.[3] That day, he also shot down Flying Officer Peter Cazenove in his Supermarine Spitfire from No. 92 Squadron. On 19 June, he hit by ground fire during a ground attack mission on French troops but returned to his airfield. Hoffmann sustained injuries in his left ellbow, requiring weeks of convalescence.[3]

In July 1940, Hoffmann was transferred to Ergänzungs-Zerstörergruppe Værløse as an instructor with the rank of Oberleutnant and appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader). He remained with the unit until 3 August 1941, when the unit was disbanded. He then underwent conversion training as a night fighter pilot.[3]

Night fighter career

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[4] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[5]

Hoffmann was posted as Staffelkapitän to 5. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) based at Schleswig. On the night of 25/26 June 1942, Hoffmann shot down two twin-engine bombers during the 1,000-bomber raid on Bremen. Hoffmann was appointed Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 11 February 1943. He then served with I./NJG 1, based at Sint-Truiden, Saint-Trond in French pronunciation, in May and was acting Gruppenkommandeur (group leader) of I./NJG 5 in July 1943.

On 15 November, Hoffmann was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) for 15 victories and by the end of 1943 had a victory total of 18. On 20 January 1944 Hoffmann had to bail out over Berlin when his aircraft was damaged by return fire from an RAF Lancaster. On the night of 28/29 January he shot down three Halifax bombers raiding Berlin and claimed two Lancaster bombers shot down the next night.

Hoffmann was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 31 victories on 4 May 1944.[6] On 29 June, Hoffmann shot down a four-engine bomber but again bailed out when his aircraft received hits from defensive fire from the bomber. On the night of 7/8 July he shot down three RAF bombers. In late July 1944 I./NJG 5 was withdrawn to Stendal for re-equipment with the Ju 88 G-6. Deployed to East Prussia, Hoffmann claimed four victories over Soviet-flown aircraft around Libau during December 1944.

By early 1945 Hoffmann had 44 victories. Following the Soviet offensive on 12 January 1945, Major Hoffmann flew ground-attack operations against ground forces. Hoffmann claimed a further seven victories during 1945. On the night of 16/17 March 1945, Hoffmann claimed three aerial victories but was himself shot down. His first claim, a Lancaster bomber, was shot down southwest of Schwäbisch-Hall, a Halifax bomber was destroyed near Ansbach, and a Lancaster bomber was claimed east of Ansbach. Near Nuremberg, his Ju 88 G-6 came under attack from a No. 239 Squadron De Havilland Mosquito night-fighter flown by Squadron Leader Dennis Hughes and Flight Lieutenant 'Dickie' Percks. His entire crew bailed out with Hoffmann suffered severe bruising to his chest.[7]

On 1 May 1945, Hoffmann joined 7./NJG 3, based at Husum. Hoffmann was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), a presentation was never made.[8]

Later life

Following three months internment in the POW camp at Wiedelah, Hoffmann was released.[6] After the war he studied pharmacy and opened a dispensary in Goslar. In 1957, Hoffmann was engaged by Hoechst AG in Bremen in an advisory role.

Aerial victory claims

Hoffmann was credited with 52 aerial victories, 51 of which by night, claimed in 192 combat missions. He filed four nocturnal aerial victories on the Eastern Front.[8] Foreman, Parry and Matthews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 51 nocturnal victory claims.[9] Matthews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Hoffmann with 51 claims, including one as a Zerstörer pilot by day, plus one further unconfirmed claim, also by day.[10]

In some instances, aerial victories were claimed and logged in a Planquadrat (PQ—grid reference). The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) map was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2).[11][12]

Awards

Notes

  1. For a list of Luftwaffe night fighter aces see List of German World War II night fighter aces.
  2. This claim is listed in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims but not in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945.[3][15]
  3. According to Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims at 01:54.[17]

References

Citations

  1. Williams 2011, pp. 89, 91.
  2. Williams 2011, p. 91.
  3. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 539.
  4. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 9.
  5. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 27.
  6. Bowman 2016, p. 223.
  7. Bowman 2016, pp. 222–223.
  8. Obermaier 1989, p. 135.
  9. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, pp. 48–246.
  10. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 539–540.
  11. Hinchliffe 1999, p. 208.
  12. Planquadrat.
  13. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 48.
  14. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 76.
  15. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, pp. 83–84.
  16. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 89.
  17. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 389.
  18. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 90.
  19. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 91.
  20. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 110.
  21. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 112.
  22. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 117.
  23. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 123.
  24. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 124.
  25. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 125.
  26. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 129.
  27. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 130.
  28. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 131.
  29. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 137.
  30. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 141.
  31. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 144.
  32. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 145.
  33. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 148.
  34. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 149.
  35. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 174.
  36. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 181.
  37. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 194.
  38. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 199.
  39. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 200.
  40. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 201.
  41. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 213.
  42. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 226.
  43. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 229.
  44. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 235.
  45. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 243.
  46. Foreman, Parry & Matthews 2004, p. 246.
  47. Williams 2011, p. 97.
  48. Williams 2011, p. 99.
  49. Williams 2011, p. 104.
  50. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 192.
  51. Patzwall 2008, p. 103.
  52. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 192.
  53. Scherzer 2007, p. 399.

Bibliography

  • Bergström, Christer. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  • Bowman, Martin (2016). German Night Fighters Versus Bomber Command 1943–1945. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-4738-4979-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Matthews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945. Walton on Thames, UK: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
  • Matthews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Hinchliffe, Peter (1999). Schnaufer: Ace of Diamonds. Brimscombe Port, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-1690-8.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Williams, David P. (2011). Hunters of the Reich: Night Fighter. Gloucester: Spellmount. ISBN 978-0-7524-5961-5.
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