Whitby Mudstone

Whitby Mudstone
Stratigraphic range: Toarcian (*Falciferum*-*Bifrons*)
~183–176 Ma

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Whitby Mudstone; Stratigraphic range: Toarcian (Falciferum-Bifrons); ~183–176 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	East Cliff near Whitby
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Lias Group
Sub-units	Members:; Fox Cliff Siltstone; Peak Mudstone; Alum Shale[note 1]; Mulgrave Shale; Grey Shale;
Underlies	Inferior Oolite or Ravenscar Groups; Or Blea Wyke, Dogger or Bridport Sand Formations
Overlies	Marlstone Rock or Cleveland Ironstone Formations
Thickness	Up to 120 m (390 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone
Other	Siltstone
Location
Coordinates	54.5°N 0.6°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	42.5°N 9.3°E
Region	Yorkshire, Worcestershire
Country	England
Extent	Cleveland & Worcester Basins & East Midlands Shelf
Type section
Named for	Whitby
Location	Coastal exposures from Hawsker Bottoms to Whitby Harbour
	Whitby Mudstone (the United Kingdom) Whitby Mudstone (England)

The Whitby Mudstone is a Toarcian (Early Jurassic; Falciferum-Bifrons in regional chronostratigraphy) geological formation in Yorkshire and Worcestershire, England.[1] The formation, part of the Lias Group, is present in the Cleveland and Worcester Basins and the East Midlands Shelf.

Lithology

The formations consists of mudstone and siltstone, partly laminated and bituminous, medium to dark grey in colour, with rare fine grained calcareous sandstone beds. Limestone and phosphatic nodules are present at some levels.[2]

Fossil content

Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[3][4] One of the more notable discoveries is the skull of the pterosaur Parapsicephalus, found within the Alum Shale[note 2] Member.[5]

Vertebrates

Vertebrates of the Whitby Mudstone Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
cf. Campylognathoides	Indeterminate	Winterton	Falciferum Zone	NHMUK PV R 36712, Humerus[6]	A pterosaur
Hauffiosaurus	H. longirostris	Whitby-Saltwick	Falciferum Zone	MCZ 1033, a skeleton	A Rhomaleosaurid
Microcleidus	M. homalospondylus	Whitby	Upper Alum Shale, Hildoceras bifrons Zone	Mutliple partial skeletons	Microcleidid plesiosaur
Macrospondylus	M. bollensis		Harpoceras serpentinum Zone	Several partial skeletons	Teleosaurid
Mystriosaurus	M. laurillardi	Whitby		Skull and lower jaws[7]	Teleosaurid, formerly considered to be the holotype of "Steneosaurus" brevior
Parapsicephalus	P. purdoni	Loftus Alum Shale Quarry, Saltwick Bay (referred material)	Upper Alum Shale Member	Single partial skull lacking the snout (GSM 3166), tentantive referral of a humerus and scapulocoracoid (NHMUK PV R36634).[8]	A Rhamphorhynchid pterosaur
Pelagosaurus	P. typus	Whitby	Alum Shale		Thalattosuchian
Rhomaleosaurus	R. thorntoni	Kingsthorpe Hollow	Upper	NHMUK PV Rr4853, a single mostly complete skeleton	A Rhomaleosaurid	Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni holotype cast
	R. zetlandicus	Loftus (also Lofthouse) Alum Mine	Alum Shale Member	YORYM G503, a partial skeleton[9]
	R. cramptoni	Alum quarry, Kettleness		NMING F8785, a partial skeleton
Plagiophthalmosuchus	P. gracilirostris	Whitby			Teleosaurid
?Theropoda	Indeterminate			Femur, currently lost[10]

Insects

Insect compression fossils are known from nodules found on Alderton Hill near Alderton and Dumbleton in Gloucestershire, including Alderton Hill Quarry and other nearby localities.[11]

Notes and references

Notes

Not to be confused with the Ordovician Alum Shale Lagerstätte of Sweden
Not to be confused with the Ordovician Alum Shale Lagerstätte of Sweden

References

Whitby Mudstone at Fossilworks.org
"Whitby Mudstone Formation". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
"Whitby Mudstone Formation". The BGS lexicon of named rock units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
Weishampel et al., 2004, pp. 517-607
O'Sullivan & Martill, 2017
O’Sullivan, Michael; Rigby, Martin (April 2017). "The first evidence of a Campylognathoides —like pterosaur in the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) Whitby Mudstone Formation of Lincolnshire, England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 128 (2): 287–291. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2016.12.009.
Sachs, S.; Johnson, M.M.; Young, M.T.; Abel, P. (2019). "The mystery of Mystriosaurus: Redescribing the poorly known Early Jurassic teleosauroid thalattosuchians Mystriosaurus laurillardi and Steneosaurus brevior" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 (3): 565–579. doi:10.4202/app.00557.2018.
O'Sullivan, Michael; Martill, David M.; Groocock, David (December 2013). "A pterosaur humerus and scapulocoracoid from the Jurassic Whitby Mudstone Formation, and the evolution of large body size in early pterosaurs". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 124 (6): 973–981. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.03.002.
Taylor, M. A. (May 1992). "Taxonomy and taphonomy of Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of the Yorkshire coast". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 49 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1144/pygs.49.1.49. ISSN 0044-0604.
Benton, M. J.; Spencer, P. S. (1995), "British Early Jurassic fossil reptile sites", Fossil Reptiles of Great Britain, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, p. 118, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0519-4_5, ISBN 978-94-010-4231-4
Kelly, Richard S.; Ross, Andrew J.; Coram, Robert A. (2018). "A Review of Necrotauliids from the Triassic/Jurassic of England (Trichoptera: Necrotauliidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 2018: 1–12. doi:10.1155/2018/6706120. ISSN 0033-2615.

Bibliography

O'Sullivan, Michael, and David M. Martill. 2017. The taxonomy and systematics of Parapsicephalus purdoni (Reptilia: Pterosauria) from the Lower Jurassic Whitby Mudstone Formation, Whitby, U.K. Historical Biology 29. 1009–1018. Accessed 2020-03-12. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1281919
Weishampel, David B.; Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska (eds.). 2004. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, 1–880. Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed 2019-02-21.ISBN 0-520-24209-2