Yang Hu
Yang Hu (221 – 27 December 278),[lower-alpha 1][3] courtesy name Shuzi, was a military general, government official, and scholar who lived during the Jin dynasty of China. His advocacy for plans to conquer the rival state of Eastern Wu finally persuaded Emperor Wu to carry them out, but he did not live to see the plans implemented. He was known for his humility and foresight. Chen Shou, who wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms, described him as a man of medium height with fine eyebrows and a beautiful beard.
Yang Hu | |
|---|---|
羊祜 | |
 A Qing dynasty illustration of Yang Hu | |
| Senior General Who Attacks the South (征南大將軍) | |
| In office 276 – 278 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Wu of Jin |
| General Who Pacifies the South (平南將軍) | |
| In office 272 – 276 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Wu of Jin |
| General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) | |
| In office 269 – 272 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Wu of Jin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 221[lower-alpha 1] |
| Died | 27 December 278 (aged 57)[lower-alpha 1] |
| Spouse(s) | Xiahou Ba's daughter |
| Mother | Cai Yan's sister |
| Father | Yang Dao |
| Relatives |
|
| Occupation | General, official, scholar |
| Courtesy name | Shuzi (叔子) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Juping (鉅平侯) |
Life
Both Yang Hu's grandfather Yang Xu (羊續) and father Yang Dao (羊衜) were commandery administrators, and his mother was a daughter of the Han dynasty historian and musician Cai Yong. His sister Yang Huiyu was Sima Shi's third wife, subsequently honoured as an empress dowager after Emperor Wu established the Jin dynasty in 266.
Yang Hu lost his father at age 11. He was raised by his uncle Yang Chen (羊耽) and served his uncle faithfully. As he matured, he became known for his intelligence, knowledge, and physical beauty. The general Xiahou Wei became impressed with him and married his niece (Xiahou Ba's daughter) to Yang Hu. After his father-in-law defected to Shu Han in 249 in light of Sima Yi's coup against Cao Shuang, Yang Hu was one of the few who were related by marriage who still dared to associate with the Xiahou clan. He served as a low level official during the reigns of the Cao Wei emperors Cao Mao and Cao Huan. Because he warned Sima Zhao of Zhong Hui's intentions, Sima Zhao trusted his judgment greatly after Zhong Hui rebelled (as he predicted) in 264. After this, he went on to serve as an executive secretary for Sima Zhao.
After Sima Zhao's death in 265, his son Sima Yan succeeded him, and in the following year forced Cao Huan to abdicate in favour of him, ending Cao Wei and establishing the Jin dynasty (as Emperor Wu). Emperor Wu wanted to make Yang Hu a duke, but the latter declined.
Throughout the early part of Emperor Wu's reign, Yang Hu was one of the few key officials who strenuously advocated for the conquest of the rival state Eastern Wu. Emperor Wu, who liked the strategies that Yang Hu submitted, had him take charge of the western border with Eastern Wu and stationed him at Xiangyang. In 272, Yang Hu participated in a failed mission to rescue the Eastern Wu defector Bu Chan from Xiling (西陵; in present-day Yichang, Hubei), and was temporarily demoted, but was soon restored to his rank. After that defeat he set up a détente with the Eastern Wu general Lu Kang and treated the Eastern Wu border residents with kindness, with intent to win over their loyalty. His efforts succeeded, though Lu Kang attempted to counter with his own gestures of goodwill. After Lu Kang's death in 274, the Eastern Wu border residents became increasingly impressed with the Jin dynasty in light of Yang Hu's kindness.
By 277, Yang Hu had fallen ill. While his plans of conquest had already been submitted and accepted by Emperor Wu, they were not ready for implementation. He performed his final act in the service of the empire – by recommending the capable Du Yu to succeed him. Du Yu would eventually go on to be a major part of the campaign against Eastern Wu. He died in 278. The people of Xiangyang built a monument for Yang Hu on Mount Xian (峴山), and ever after Yang Hu's death, visitors to the monument often wept in memory of his benevolent governance, and so the monument became known as the "Monument of Tears" (墮淚碑). After the Jin dynasty conquered Eastern Wu in 280, Emperor Wu had the declaration of victory read at Yang Hu's shrine, and awarded his wife, Lady Xiahou, an estate of over 5,000 taxable households in appreciation.
Notes
- Sima Yan's biography in the Jin Shu recorded that Yang Hu died on the xinmao day of the 11th month of the 4th year of the Xianning era of Sima Yan's reign.[1] This date corresponds to 27 December 278 in the Gregorian calendar. Yang Hu's biography in the Jin Shu also recorded that he was 58 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died.[2] By calculation, Yang Hu's year of birth should be 221.
References
- ([咸寧四年十一月]辛卯，以尚書杜預都督荊州諸軍事。征南大將軍羊祜卒。) Jin Shu vol. 3.
- (尋卒，時年五十八。) Jin Shu vol. 34.
- Killigrew 2003, p. 15.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Killigrew, John W. (2003). "The Reunification of China in AD 280: Jin's Conquest of Eastern Wu". Early Medieval China. 2003 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1179/152991003788138438.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.