Yasuni National Park

Yasuni National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Yasuní) is in Ecuador[1] with an area of 9,823 km2 between the Napo and Curaray Rivers in Napo and Pastaza Provinces in Amazonian Ecuador. The national park lies within the Napo moist forests ecoregion and is primarily rain forest. The park is about 250 km from Quito and was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1989. It is within the claimed ancestral territory of the Huaorani indigenous people. Yasuni is also home to two uncontacted indigenous tribes, the Tagaeri and the Taromenane.[2] Many indigenous people use the riverways within the park as a main mode of travel. Several waterways in the area are tributaries that lead into the Amazon River, including blackwater rivers high in tannins boasting vastly different floral composition than the main riverways. The spine-covered palm, Bactris riparia,[3] and aquatic plant Montrichardia linifera typically line the edges of these slow moving rivers, often referred to as Igapós.

Yasuni National Park Llanganates
IUCN category II (national park)
Yasuni National Park (dark green).
Location Ecuador
Napo and Pastaza province
Coordinates1°5′S 75°55′W
Area9,823 km2 (3,793 sq mi)
Established26 July 1979
This is an image of the grounds at Yasuni Research Station in Ecuador, located in Yasuni National Park along the bank of the Tiputini River.
Napo saki, Pithecia napensis
Amazon rainforest in the Park

Biodiversity

Yasuni National Park (YNP) is arguably the most biologically diverse spot on Earth and a convergence point for three unique regions, the Equator, Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest.[4] The park is at the center of a small zone where amphibian, bird, mammal, and vascular plant diversity all reach their maximum levels within the western hemisphere. Moreover, the park breaks world records for local-scale (less than 100 km2) tree, amphibian, and bat species richness, and is one of the richest spots in the world for birds and mammals at local scales as well.[5] The park also harbors a lot of amphibian diversity compared to other sites sampled in the western Amazon.[5] Reptile species in the park are also very high in diversity with 121 documented species found. In spite of covering less than 0.15% of the Amazon Basin, Yasuni is home to approximately one-third of amphibian and reptile species. The park also harbors high levels of fish diversity with 382 known species. Yasuni is also home to at least 596 bird species which comprises one-third of the total native bird species for the Amazon. The park is also rich in species of bats. On a regional scale, the Amazon Basin has an estimated 117 bat species, but on a local scale, Yasuni is estimated to have comparable richness. In a single hectare, Yasuni has over 100,000 different species of insects which is roughly the amount of insect species that can be found in all of North America. The park also boasts one of the world's richest levels of vascular plants. It is one of nine places in the world that has over 4,000 vascular plant species per 10,000 km2. The park contains many species of trees and shrubs and holds at least four world records for documented tree and liana richness as well as three world records for diversity in woody plant species. The park also hosts a list endemic species such as 43 different species of vertebrates and 220–720 different plant species.[5] Moreover, the park breaks world records for local-scale (less than 100 km2) tree, amphibian, and bat species richness, and is one of the richest spots in the world for birds and mammals at local scales as well. Within the northwest region of the park is a Forest Dynamics Plot, a 50 hectare research plot created in 1995 by a collaboration between Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador (PUCE), the Aarhus University in Denmark, and ForestGEO-STRI.[6]

White-banded swallows perching of a tree stump on the bank of Rio Tiputini, Yasuni National Park

Mammals
Yasuni National Park hosts a large diversity of insects.
Water puddles with mineral rich clay are where many animals and insects congregate to obtain minerals they cannot obtain otherwise.

Many types of mammals live within the national park both in water, on land, and in the air. Pteronura brasiliensis, commonly known as the Giant Otter, an endangered species endemic to rivers in and surrounding the national park, are forced to adjust to constant seasonal changes in water levels that concurrently alter food availability.[7] A species of bat, Lophostoma yasuni, is endemic to the park, and the Amazon Basin has an estimated 117 bat species, but on a local scale, Yasuni is estimated to have comparable richness. Many species of monkey spend their lives coexisting among the tops of the canopy, including the Eastern Ecuadorian Squirrel (Saimiri cassiquiarensis), Pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea), Ecuadorian White-Fronted Capuchin (Cebus aequatorialis), Red-crowned Titi (Plecturocebus discolor), Napo saki (Pithecia napensis), Colombian Red Howler (Alouatta seniculus), White-Bellied Spider Monkey (Ateles belzebuth), and Brown Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha). These creatures are key components to many trophic levels of the ecosystem as they serve as seed dispersers and remove insects from plants for nourishment.[8]

Herpetofauna

In spite of covering less than 0.15% of the Amazon Basin, Yasuni is home to approximately one-third of the amphibian and reptile species. The park holds a world record 150 amphibian species for places with comparable landscapes, and high amphibian diversity compared to other sites sampled in the western Amazon. Treefrog Osteocephalus yasuni is named after the park. Reptile species in the park are also very high with 121 documented species found.

Fish

The park harbors high levels of fish diversity, boasting an estimated 500 species. However, this may be an underestimate of the amount of species actually present due to cryptic diversity, differences not easily seen morphologically but revealed using DNA studies, amongst species.[9] The diversity of fish species in this region is influenced by seasonality and habitat, which is important for consideration when trying to capture the breadth of species encompassed in the waterways.[10]

Birds

Yasuni is also home to at least 596 bird species which comprises one-third of the total native bird species for the Amazon. According to a field guide composed by PUCE, the area surrounding the Yasuni Scientific Research Station contain a large diversity of bird species including various predatory birds like falcons, hawks, and eagles and other birds such as macaws, antwrens, manakins, thrushes, and many other species.[11] The diverse levels of canopy available have supported many different lifestyles for birds, including pollinators like hummingbirds who can often share close relation with certain plant groups.

Insects

This national park hosts very high levels of insect diversity and insect-plant mutualisms. In a single hectare, Yasuni has over 100,000 different species of insects which is roughly the amount of insect species that can be found in all of North America.

Parrots at a clay lick, Anangu, Yasuni National Park

Plant Diversity

The park also boasts one of the world's richest levels of vascular plants. It is one of nine places in the world that has over 4,000 vascular plant species per 10,000 km2. The park contains many species of trees and shrubs and holds at least four world records for documented tree and liana richness as well as three world records for diversity in woody plant species. Several recent book publications in coordination with PUCE have provided comprehensive information about plant species within the Yasuni region, one of which details 337 plants, predominantly trees, endemic to the Yasuni Region.[12] The park also hosts a list endemic species such as 43 different species of vertebrates and 220–720 different plant species.

Oil reserves

Yasuni National Park is home to an estimated 1.7 billion barrels of crude oil - 40 percent of Ecuador's reserves – in the Ishpingo-Tiputini-Tambococha (ITT) oil fields.[13] Environmentalists and scientists such as Jane Goodall, E.O. Wilson, and Stuart Pimm urged the government to leave the resources untapped.[14] Indigenous people and environmentalists called for a national referendum on the issue. This referendum called the Yasuní-ITT Initiative was enacted in 2007, and by 2009 pledges of support from around the world came to around 1.7 billion dollars.[15] In response, President Rafael Correa launched the Yasuní-ITT Initiative to protect the park's natural resources in June 2007. The initiative promised to leave the park undisturbed in exchange for compensation from the international community.[16] Not drilling in the park would prevent 400 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from entering the air, officials said.[2] The government hoped to generate funds of at least 50 percent of the profits that it would receive were it to utilize the oil reserves. In total it hoped that US$3.6 billion would be raised over 12 years.[17] At the time, the plan was hailed by environmentalists as a precedent setting decision that would reduce the burden of environmental preservation on the world's poorer countries.[2]

Actors Leonardo DiCaprio and Edward Norton, filmmaker and global ecological activist/scientist Michael Charles Tobias, and former Vice President of the United States Al Gore were among those who pledged support to the Ecuadorian government.[18][19] Countries contributing funds included Turkey, Chile, Colombia, Georgia, Australia, Spain and Belgium. However, fundraising efforts were inhibited by Ecuador's insistence that the government alone would decide how any funds raised were spent.[2]

In July 2013, Correa formed a commission to evaluate the Yasuni-ITT initiative's progress to date. The commission concluded that the economic results were not sufficient. On August 15, Correa scrapped the plan citing poor follow-through from the international community.[17] "The world has failed us", he said, calling the world's richest countries hypocrites who emit most of the world's greenhouse gases while expecting nations like his to sacrifice economic progress for the environment.[2] Through an executive order, he liquidated the Yasuni-ITT trust fund formally ending the initiative. During the six-year history of the initiative, only US$336 million had been pledged, Correa said (in contrast to the $1.6 billion stated in the report cited above), and of that only US$13.3 million had actually been delivered.[17]

The Yasuni River is home to many different species of caiman.

Correa also said he had commissioned economic, legal, and technical studies on drilling in the region in preparation for the national assembly formally opening the park to drilling. He said expanding Ecuador's oil production was essential to furthering his economic projects that have won him widespread support among the nation's poor. He said the drilling would affect only 1% of the Yasuni basin. A spokesperson said the drilling could be conducted without damaging the environment. Environmentalists strongly objected to opening the park to oil exploration. Hundreds of protesters gathered outside the presidential palace after Correa's announcement.[17] The money pledged insured that it would be possible to fund the initiative, with support from the international community.[20] Oil production accounts for one-third of Ecuador's national budget.[2][21]

Other threats to the park

Colonization, deforestation, illegal logging, and unsustainable hunting are affecting the park at present.[22]

See also

References
  1. "A Durable Yet Vulnerable Eden in Amazonia". nytimes.com. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  2. "Yasuni: Ecuador abandons plan to stave off Amazon drilling". The Guardian. Associated Press. August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  3. "Palms of Yasuni" (PDF).
  4. "Yasuni National Park".
  5. Hector, Andy; Bass, Margot S.; Finer, Matt; Jenkins, Clinton N.; Kreft, Holger; Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.; McCracken, Shawn F.; Pitman, Nigel C. A.; English, Peter H.; Swing, Kelly; Villa, Gorky; Di Fiore, Anthony; Voigt, Christian C.; Kunz, Thomas H. (2010). "Global conservation significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park". PLOS ONE. 5 (1): e8767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008767. PMC 2808245. PMID 20098736.
  6. "Yasuní". ForestGEO. 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  7. Utreras B, V, Suárez R, E, Zapata-Ríos, G, Lasso, G, Pinos, L (2005) Dry and rainy season estimations of Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, home range in the Yasuní National Park. LAJAM 4(2): 191-194.
  8. "The Monkeys of the Rainforest".
  9. Escobar-Camancho, D., Barriga, R., Ron, S. R., (2015) "Discovering Hidden Diversity of Characins (Teleostei: Characiformes) in Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park" PLOS ONE: 10(8): e0135569.
  10. Galacatos K, Barriga-Salazar R, Stewart DJ (2004) "Seasonal and habitat influences on fish communities within the lower Yasuni River basin of the Ecuadorian Amazon" Environ Biol Fishes. 71: 33–51.
  11. "Some birds of the Yasuni Research Station, Prov. Orellana" (PDF).
  12. J., Pérez, Álvaro (2014). Árboles emblemáticos de Yasuní, Ecuador. Hernández, Consuelo,, Romero-Saltos, Hugo,, Valencia, Renato,, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas,, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Center for Tropical Forest Science (Primera edición ed.). [Quito, Ecuador]. ISBN 9789942202604. OCLC 907558484.
  13. Editorial, Reuters. "Ecuador boosts oil reserves in ITT field to 1.7 bln barrels". AF. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  14. Yasuni Rainforest Campaign - Leading Scientists Letter. Saveamericasforests.org (2005-02-14). Retrieved on 2013-08-22.
  15. Temper, L., Yánez, I., Sharife, K., Ojo, G., Martinez-Alier, J., CANA, Combes, M., Cornelissen, K., Lerkelund, H., Louw, M., Martínez, E., Minnaar, J., Molina, P., Murcia, D., Oriola, T., Osuoka, A., Pérez, M. M., Roa Avendaño, T., Urkidi, L., Valdés, M., Wadzah, N., Wykes, S. (2013). "Towards a Post-Oil Civilization: Yasunization and other initiatives to leave fossil fuels in the soil EJOLT Report No. 6" (PDF). www.ejolt.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  16. Finer, M., R. Moncel, C.N. Jenkins. 2010. Leaving the Oil Under the Amazon: Ecuador's Yasuní-ITT Initiative., Biotropica 42:63-66.
  17. Alexandra Valencia (August 16, 2013). "Ecuador to open Amazon's Yasuni basin to oil drilling". Reuters. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  18. "Leonardo DiCaprio and Edward Norton join Sea Eco-Conference". Contactmusic. 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  19. "Al Gore viajará a Ecuador para respaldar iniciativa ecuatoriana Yasuní-ITT". americaeconomia.com. 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  20. Temper, L., Yánez, I., Sharife, K., Ojo, G., Martinez-Alier, J., CANA, Combes, M., Cornelissen, K., Lerkelund, H., Louw, M., Martínez, E., Minnaar, J., Molina, P., Murcia, D., Oriola, T., Osuoka, A., Pérez, M. M., Roa Avendaño, T., Urkidi, L., Valdés, M., Wadzah, N., Wykes, S. (2013). "Towards a Post-Oil Civilization: Yasunization and other initiatives to leave fossil fuels in the soil EJOLT Report No. 6" (PDF). www.ejolt.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  21. "Ecuador approves Yasuni park oil drilling in Amazon rainforest". BBC News. 2013-08-16.
  22. Finer, Matt; Vijay, Varsha; Ponce, Fernando; Jenkins, Clinton N; Kahn, Ted R (2009). "Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve: a brief modern history and conservation challenges". Environmental Research Letters. 4 (3): 034005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/034005.

Further reading
  • Greenberg, J. A.; Kefauver, S. C.; Stimson, H. C.; Yeaton, C. J.; Ustin, S. L. (2005). "Survival analysis of a neotropical rainforest using multitemporal satellite imagery". Remote Sensing of Environment. 96 (2): 202–211. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.02.010.
  • Hennessy, L. A. (2000). Whither the Huaorani? competing interventions in indigenous Ecuador. Master's thesis, Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley.
  • Lu, F. E. (1999). Changes in subsistence patterns and resource use of the Huaorani Indians in the Ecuadorian Amazon. PhD dissertation. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  • Pitman, N. C. A. (2000). A large-scale inventory of two Amazonian tree communities. PhD dissertation. Durham, Duke University.
  • Vogel, J.H. (2009). The economics of the Yasuní Initiative: climate change as if thermodynamics mattered. London, Anthem Press.
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