Equator

The name is derived from medieval Latin word aequator, in the phrase circulus aequator diei et noctis, meaning 'circle equalizing day and night', from the Latin word aequare meaning 'make equal'.[1]

Left: A monument marking the equator near the city of Pontianak, Indonesia
Right: Road sign marking the equator near Nanyuki, Kenya

The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc. The equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on Earth; the other four are both polar circles (the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) and both tropical circles (the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn). The equator is the only line of latitude which is also a great circle—that is, one whose plane passes through the center of the globe. The plane of Earth's equator, when projected outwards to the celestial sphere, defines the celestial equator.

In the cycle of Earth's seasons, the equatorial plane runs through the Sun twice per year: on the equinoxes in March and September. To a person on Earth, the Sun appears to travel above the equator (or along the celestial equator) at these times. Light rays from the Sun's center are perpendicular to Earth's surface at the point of solar noon on the equator.

The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe

The Marco Zero monument marking the equator in Macapá, Brazil

Locations on the equator experience the shortest sunrises and sunsets because the Sun's daily path is nearly perpendicular to the horizon for most of the year. The length of daylight (sunrise to sunset) is almost constant throughout the year; it is about 14 minutes longer than nighttime due to atmospheric refraction and the fact that sunrise begins (or sunset ends) as the upper limb, not the center, of the Sun's disk contacts the horizon.

Earth bulges slightly at the equator; the "average" diameter of Earth is 12,750 km (7,922 mi), but the diameter at the equator is about 43 km (27 mi) greater than at the poles.[2]

Sites near the equator, such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, are good locations for spaceports as they have a fastest rotational speed of any latitude, 460 m (1,509 ft)/sec. The added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft eastward (in the direction of Earth's rotation) to orbit, while simultaneously avoiding costly maneuvers to flatten inclination during missions such as the Apollo moon landings.[3]

GPS reading taken on the equator close to the Quitsato Sundial, in Cayambe, Ecuador[7]

The equator passes through the land of 11 countries. Indonesia is the country straddling the greatest length of the equatorial line across both land and sea. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the equator passes through:

Co-ordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
0°N 0°E	Atlantic Ocean	Gulf of Guinea, "Null Island"
0°0′N 6°31′E	São Tomé and Príncipe	Passing through Pestana Equador resort on the Ilhéu das Rolas
0°0′N 9°21′E	Gabon	Passing 8.9 km (5.5 mi) south of Ayem, 10.6 km (6.6 mi) north of Mayene, Booue
0°0′N 13°56′E	Republic of the Congo	Passing through the town of Makoua.
0°0′N 17°46′E	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Passing 9 km (5.6 mi) south of central Butembo
0°0′N 29°43′E	Uganda	Passing 32 km (20 mi) south of central Kampala
0°0′N 32°22′E	Lake Victoria	Passing through some islands of  Uganda in Mukono District and Namayingo District
0°0′N 34°0′E	Kenya	Passing 6 km (3.7 mi) north of central Kisumu
0°0′N 41°0′E	Somalia	Passing south of Jamame
0°0′N 42°53′E	Indian Ocean	Passing between Huvadhu Atoll and Fuvahmulah of the  Maldives
0°0′N 98°12′E	Indonesia	North Sumatra (including the Batu Islands) and Lingga Regency, Riau Islands
0°0′N 104°34′E	Karimata Strait
0°0′N 109°9′E	Indonesia	Bornean provinces of West Kalimantan (passing through province capital Pontianak), Central Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan
0°0′N 117°30′E	Makassar Strait
0°0′N 119°40′E	Indonesia	Donggala & Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi (Celebes)
0°0′N 120°5′E	Gulf of Tomini
0°0′N 124°0′E	Molucca Sea
0°0′N 127°24′E	Indonesia	Kayoa and Halmahera islands, North Maluku
0°0′N 127°53′E	Halmahera Sea
0°0′N 129°20′E	Indonesia	Gebe and Kawe islands, West Papua
0°0′N 129°21′E	Pacific Ocean	Passing between Aranuka and Nonouti atolls,  Kiribati (at 0°0′N 173°40′E) Passing just south of Baker Island, and just north of Jarvis Island,  United States Minor Outlying Islands
0°0′N 80°6′W	Ecuador	Passing 24 km (15 mi) north of central Quito, near Mitad del Mundo, and precisely at the location of Catequilla, a pre-Columbian ruin. Also, Isabela Island in the Galápagos Islands
0°0′N 75°32′W	Colombia	Passing 4.3 km (2.7 mi) north of the border with Peru
0°0′N 70°3′W	Brazil	Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Amapá (passing slightly south of the city center of the state capital Macapá, and precisely at the Marco Zero monument and the Avenue Equatorial)
0°0′N 49°21′W	Atlantic Ocean	At the Perigoso Canal (sv) on the mouth of the Amazon River

Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea lies on the equator. However, its island of Annobón is 155 km (96 mi) south of the equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north.

Diagram of the seasons, depicting the situation at the December solstice. Regardless of the time of day (i.e. the Earth's rotation on its axis), the North Pole will be dark, and the South Pole will be illuminated; see also arctic winter. In addition to the density of incident light, the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.

Seasons result from the tilt of the Earth's axis compared to the plane of its revolution around the Sun. Throughout the year, the northern and southern hemispheres are alternately turned either toward or away from the sun depending on Earth's position in its orbit. The hemisphere turned toward the sun receives more sunlight and is in summer, while the other hemisphere receives less sun and is in winter (see solstice).

At the equinoxes, the Earth's axis is perpendicular to the sun rather than tilted toward or away, meaning that day and night are both about 12 hours long across the whole of the Earth.

Near the equator, this means the variation in strength of solar radiation is different relative to the time of year than it is at higher latitudes: Maximum solar radiation is received during the equinoxes, when a place at the equator is under the subsolar point at high noon, and the intermediate seasons of spring and autumn occur at higher latitudes, and the minimum occurs during both solstices, when either pole is tilted towards or away from the sun, resulting in either summer or winter in both hemispheres. This also results in a corresponding movement of the equator away from the subsolar point, which is then situated over or near the relevant tropic circle. Nevertheless, temperatures are high year round due to the earth's axial tilt of 23.5° not being enough to create a low minimum midday declination to sufficiently weaken the sun's rays even during the solstices.

Near the equator, there is little temperature change throughout the year, though there may be dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity. The terms summer, autumn, winter and spring do not generally apply. Lowlands around the equator generally have a tropical rainforest climate, also known as an equatorial climate, though cold ocean currents cause some regions to have tropical monsoon climates with a dry season in the middle of the year, and the Somali Current generated by the Asian monsoon due to continental heating via the high Tibetan Plateau causes Greater Somalia to have an arid climate despite its equatorial location.

Average annual temperatures in equatorial lowlands are around 31 °C (88 °F) during the afternoon and 23 °C (73 °F) around sunrise. Rainfall is very high away from cold ocean current upwelling zones, from 2,500 to 3,500 mm (100 to 140 in) per year. There are about 200 rainy days per year and average annual sunshine hours are around 2,000. Despite high year-round sea level temperatures, some higher altitudes such as the Andes and Mount Kilimanjaro have glaciers. The highest point on the equator is at the elevation of 4,690 metres (15,387 ft), at 0°0′0″N 77°59′31″W, found on the southern slopes of Volcán Cayambe [summit 5,790 metres (18,996 ft)] in Ecuador. This is slightly above the snow line and is the only place on the equator where snow lies on the ground. At the equator, the snow line is around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) lower than on Mount Everest and as much as 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) lower than the highest snow line in the world, near the Tropic of Capricorn on Llullaillaco.

There is a widespread maritime tradition of holding ceremonies to mark a sailor's first crossing of the equator. In the past, these ceremonies have been notorious for their brutality, especially in naval practice. Milder line-crossing ceremonies, typically featuring King Neptune, are also held for passengers' entertainment on some civilian ocean liners and cruise ships.