1900 in science
The year 1900 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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|---|---|---|---|
Aeronautics
- July 2 – The first rigid airship flight is made by the LZ1 designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin.
- c. October 3 – The Wright brothers begin their first manned glider experimental flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Chemistry
- Moses Gomberg identifies the first organic radical (according to the modern definition), triphenylmethyl radical.
- Johannes Rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths.
Earth sciences
- Richard Dixon Oldham distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary waveforms as recorded by seismometers.[1]
Exploration
- American explorer Robert Peary first sights Kaffeklubben Island, the northernmost point of land on Earth.
Genetics
- Hugo de Vries publishes the results of his experiments in Mendelian inheritance.[2]
Mathematics
- Max Dehn introduces two examples of Dehn plane and the Dehn invariant.
- David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed.
- Russell's paradox is first discovered by Ernst Zermelo but he does not publish it, and it is known only to Hilbert, Husserl and other members of the University of Göttingen.
- Gaston Tarry confirms Euler's conjecture that no 6×6 orthogonal Graeco-Latin square is possible.[3][4][5][6]
- Alfred Young introduces the Young tableau.
Medicine
- German gynecologist Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel publishes his description of the "Pfannenstiel incision", a transverse incision used in genitourinary surgery that continues to be widely used.
Paleontology
- Barnum Brown finds the first partial skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex in eastern Wyoming.
- Dr. James K. Hampson identifies the Island 35 Mastodon skeleton in the Mississippi River.
Photography
- Kodak introduce their first Brownie (camera).
Physics
- April 26 – Guglielmo Marconi patents the tuned circuit.
- October 19 – Max Planck produces Planck's law of black-body radiation and Planck constant, marking the birth of quantum physics.[7][8]
- December 7 – Max Planck states his quantum hypothesis.
- December 23 – Reginald Fessenden, experimenting with a high-frequency spark transmitter, successfully transmits speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), from Cobb Island, Maryland, which appears to have been the first audio radio transmission.
- Gamma rays discovered by Paul Villard while studying uranium decay.
Physiology
- Karl Landsteiner makes the first discovery of blood types, identifying the ABO blood group system.[9]
- Carl Rasch coins the term 'polymorphous light eruption'.
- Jōkichi Takamine and Keizo Uenaka discover adrenaline.[10][11]
Psychology
- Sigmund Freud's Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams) is published.
Zoology
- Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren publish The Birds of Ireland.[12]
Awards
Births
- January 2 – Una Ledingham (died 1965), English physician specialising in diabetes mellitus and pregnancy.[14]
- March 4 – Heinrich Willi (died 1971), Swiss pediatrician.
- March 8 – Howard H. Aiken (died 1973), American computing pioneer.
- March 19 – Frédéric Joliot (died 1958), French physicist.
- April 3 – Albert Ingham (died 1967), English mathematician.
- April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli (died 1958), Austrian-born physicist.
- April 26 – Charles Richter (died 1985), American geophysicist and inventor.
- April 28 – Jan Oort (died 1992), Dutch astronomer.
- May 5 – Helen Redfield (died 1988), American geneticist.[14]
- May 6 – Zheng Ji (died 2010), Chinese biochemist and nutritionist.
- May 10 – Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (died 1979), English-born American astronomer and astrophysicist.[15]
- May 22 – Honor Fell (died 1986), English biologist.
- June 24 – Wilhelm Cauer (killed 1945), German mathematician and electronic engineer.
- June 25 – Philip D'Arcy Hart (died 2006), English medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment.
- June 30 – James Stagg (died 1975) Scottish-born meteorologist.
- July 9 – Frances McConnell-Mills, born Frances Mary McConnell (died 1975), American toxicologist.
- August 25 – Hans Adolf Krebs (died 1981), German-born medical doctor and biochemist.
- August 26 – Hellmuth Walter (died 1980), German-born engineer and inventor.
- October 2 – Isabella Forshall (died 1989), English pediatric surgeon.
- November 5 – Ethelwynn Trewavas (died 1993), English ichthyologist.[16]
- December 9 – Joseph Needham (died 1995), English biochemist and writer on the history of science and technology in China.
- December 12 – Mária Telkes (died 1995), Hungarian-American scientist and inventor.
- December 17 – Mary Cartwright (died 1998), English mathematician, one of the first people to analyze a dynamical system with chaos.[17]
- Robina Addis (died 1986), English pioneering professional psychiatric social worker.[18]
- Ernest Gibbins (killed 1942), English entomologist.
Deaths
- January 13 – Peter Waage (born 1833), Norwegian chemist.
- January 22 – David E. Hughes (born 1831), British-American inventor.
- March 6 – Gottlieb Daimler (born 1834), German engineer, automotive pioneer.
- March 10 – George James Symons (born 1838), English meteorologist.
- April 1 – George Jackson Mivart (born 1827), English biologist.
- August 4 – Étienne Lenoir (born 1822), Belgian mechanical engineer.
- August 31 – John Bennet Lawes (born 1814), English agricultural scientist.
- October 16 – Henry Acland (born 1815), English physician.
- October 29 – Bruno Abakanowicz (born 1852), Polish mathematician, inventor and electrical engineer.
References
- Grout, Andrew (2004). "Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858–1936)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37820. Retrieved 2011-10-20. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- De Vries, H. (1900). "Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Paris. 130: 845–847.
- "From Latin Squares to Sudoku:A History of Magic Numbers". Archived from the original on 2008-10-01.
- "36 Officer Problem". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28.
- Tarry, Gaston (1900). "Le Probléme de 36 Officiers". Compte Rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences. Secrétariat de l'Association. 1: 122–123.
- Tarry, Gaston (1901). "Le Probléme de 36 Officiers". Compte Rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences. Secrétariat de l'Association. 2: 170–203.
- Planck, M. (1900). "Über eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 202–204. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). "On an Improvement of Wien's Equation for the Spectrum". The Old Quantum Theory (PDF). Pergamon Press. pp. 79–81. LCCN 66029628.
- Planck, M. (1900). "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 237–245. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). The Old Quantum Theory (PDF). Pergamon Press. p. 82. LCCN 66029628.
- Landsteiner, K. (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. 27: 357–62.
- Yamashima, T. (2003). "Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin". Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1177/096777200301100211. PMID 12717538.
- Bennett, M. (1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors". Clinical Autonomic Research. 9 (3): 145–59. doi:10.1007/BF02281628. PMID 10454061.
- "Richard J. Ussher and "The Birds of Ireland"". Ask about Ireland. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
- "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. New York: Routledge. 2000.
- The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. 2007. ISBN 9780387304007.
- "Obituary: Ethelwynn Trewavas". The Independent. London. 1993-08-21. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
- "Mary Cartwright Times obituary". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
- "Robina Addis". Wellcome Library. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
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